tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-154539372024-03-16T11:52:55.899-07:00The Lippard BlogLippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.comBlogger2075125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-57528147812981801052024-02-29T06:33:00.002-07:002024-02-29T12:08:58.583-07:00If embryos are babies, then in-vitro fertilization is immoral<p>Alabama and the GOP are discovering what this blog pointed out 15 years ago--if you're going to adopt a policy that embryos are full bearers of moral personhood, then you can't allow in-vitro fertilization (IVF). From <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood.html">my five-part debate with Vocab Malone about abortion in 2009</a>:</p><blockquote><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;">Once the zygote becomes a blastocyst, it forms into an outer layer of cells, which later becomes the placenta, and an inner cell mass of pluripotent embryonic stem cells, each of which is capable of differentiating into any kind of human cell. Only after this stage does the blastocyst implant in the wall of the uterus, about a week after fertilization, and begin taking nutrients directly from the blood of the mother--a dependency that can itself be of moral significance, as </span><a href="http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/Phil160,Fall02/thomson.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #5588aa; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Judith Jarvis Thomson's violinist argument</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;"> shows. As already mentioned above, a great many fertilized ova do not reach this stage. <i>Further, the percentages of implant failure are higher for in vitro fertilization (IVF), a procedure which Vocab's criteria would have to declare unethical, even though it is the only way that many couples can have their own biological offspring.</i></span></p></blockquote><p>I made the same point earlier in a comment on <a href="https://pointofinquiry.org/2010/09/jen_roth_atheist_against_abortion/">a podcast interview with atheist anti-abortion advocate Jen Roth</a> (comments are no longer present but I <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/11/does-vocab-malone-understand.html">reiterated it in response to Malone</a>):</p><blockquote><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;">Was Jen Roth ultimately arguing that personhood is something that a human organism has for its entire lifecycle? At what starting point? Conception, implantation, or something else?</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;">I find it completely implausible that an organism at a life stage with no capacity for perception, let alone reason, counts as a person. Nor that a particular genetic code is either necessary or sufficient for personhood.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;">I think every point that she made was brought up in </span><a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood.html" style="background-color: white; color: #5588aa; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">a debate I had with a Christian blogger on the topic of abortion</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;">, who similarly argued for an equation between personhood and human organism. I wonder if she has any better rejoinders. Does she think that IVF and therapeutic cloning are immoral? IUDs?</span></blockquote><p>The naive anti-abortion position is philosophically and scientifically unsupportable and leads to bad public policy, and today's GOP consists of a majority struggling to avoid it and a minority that is full-steam ahead and prepared to ban IVF and contraception.</p><p>The full debate between Vocab Malone and myself was spread across our respective blogs. My contributions were:</p><p><a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood.html">Vocab Malone on abortion and personhood, part 1</a> (December 11, 2009)</p><p><a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood_13.html">Vocab Malone on abortion and personhood, part 2</a> (December 13, 2009)</p><p><a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood_16.html">Vocab Malone on abortion and personhood, part 3</a> (December 16, 2009)</p><p><a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood_18.html?m=0">Vocab Malone on abortion and personhood, part 4</a> (December 18, 2009)</p><p><a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/vocab-malone-on-abortion-and-personhood_19.html?m=0">Vocab Malone on abortion and personhood, part 5</a> (December 19, 2009)</p><p><br /></p><p>And, finally, perhaps most apt to the current situation, was this exchange from the following year:</p><p><a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/11/does-vocab-malone-understand.html">Does Vocab Malone understand the implications of his own position?</a> (November 15, 2010)</p><p>Vocab's response is that he does think IVF is immoral, except perhaps for some hypothetical version he doesn't describe, that perhaps involves adopting all the "snowflake babies" and removing and reimplanting excessive multiple births into surrogates. (But that still doesn't address the implantation failure rate!)</p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-60592482438984595022024-01-01T07:00:00.000-07:002024-01-01T07:00:00.177-07:00Books read in 2023<p> Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2023.</p><div style="margin: 0px;"><ul><li>Angel Au-Yeung and David Jeans, <i>Wonder Boy: Tony Hsieh, Zappos, and the Myth of Happiness in Silicon Valley</i></li><li>Isaac Butler, <i>The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act </i>(2022)</li><li>Cory Doctorow, <i>Red Team Blues </i>(fiction)</li><li>David Edmonds, <i>Parfit: A Philosopher and His Mission to Save Morality</i></li><li>Zeke Faux, <i>Number Go Up: Inside Crypto's Wild Rise and Staggering Fall</i></li><li>Kevin Fedarko, <i>The Emerald Mile: The Epic Story of the Fastest Ride in History Through the Heart of the Grand Canyon</i> (2013)</li><li>Roger Friedland and Harold Zellman, <i>The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright & The Taliesin Fellowship</i> (2006)</li><li>James Gleick, <i>The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood</i> (2011)</li><li>Penn Jillette, <i>Random</i> (2022) (fiction)</li><li>Mark Holloway, <i>Utopian Communities in America, 1680-1880</i> (1966, 2nd edition, 1st edition was titled <i>Heavens on Earth</i>)</li><li>Claire Hughes Johnson, <i>Scaling People: Tactics for Management and Company Building</i> (2022)</li><li>R.A. Lafferty, <i>The Best of R.A. Lafferty</i> (2019) (fiction)</li><li>Kevin M. Levin, <i>Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War's Most Persistent Myth</i> (2019)</li><li>Michael Lewis, <i>Going Infinite: The Rise and Fall of a New Tycoon</i></li><li>Shane Murphy, <i>John Hance: The Life, Lies, and Legend of Grand Canyon's Greatest Storyteller</i> (2020)</li><li>Erik Reece, <i>Utopia Drive: A Road Trip Through America's Most Radical Idea</i> (2016)</li><li>Rudy Rucker and Bruce Sterling, <i>Transreal Cyberpunk</i> (2016) (fiction)</li><li>Chris A. Rutkowski, <i>Canada's UFOs Declassified</i> (2022)</li><li>Christa Sadler, editor, <i>There's This River... Grand Canyon Boatman Stories</i> (2nd ed., 2006)</li><li>Bruce Schneier, <i>A Hacker's Mind: How the Powerful Bend Society's Rules, and How to Bend them Back</i></li><li>Will Sommer, <i>Trust the Plan: The Rise of QAnon and the Conspiracy That Unhinged America</i></li><li>Katherine Stewart, <i>The Power Worshippers: Inside the Dangerous Rise of Religious Nationalism</i> (2019)</li><li>Leonie Swann, <i>Three Bags Full: A Sheep Detective Story</i> (2005) (fiction)</li><li>Stephen Vladeck, <i>The Shadow Docket: How the Supreme Court Uses Stealth Rulings to Amass Power and Undermine the Republic</i></li><li>Simon Winchester, <i>Knowing What We Know: The Transmission of Knowledge: From Ancient Wisdom to Modern Magic</i></li><li>Tom Zoellner, <i>Rim to River: Looking into the Heart of Arizona</i></li><li><i><i><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf">Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol</a></i></i></li></ul></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><ul></ul>Top for 2023 published in 2023: Edmonds, Zoellner, Sommer, Vladeck, Faux; other top reads for the year: Swann, Stewart, Friedland & Zellman, Edmonds, Lafferty, Holloway<br /><br />A few planned reads for 2024 (already in progress):<br /><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px;">G.A. Cohen, <i>Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality </i>(1995)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">John Ferris, <i>Behind the Enigma: The Authorised History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency</i> (2020)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Chris Rodda, <i>Liars for Jesus: The Religious Right's Alternate Version of American History, vol. 2</i> (2016)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Peter H. Wilson, <i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History</i> (2017)</div><div style="margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><i>The Economist</i> <a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/12/22/how-many-books-will-you-read-before-you-die">posted this chart of number of books read this year</a> from a YouGov/Economist survey:</div><div style="margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQMD2GBYQTRUxSS_CH_z631v4CuTUj2SwkwtfGWxjlekH-nDYlYU-z-Mh5Wr2sWahn20knARv9KFDlY7ESD7-qpxa2t4mcj_LIj3YPjg3gvGgZLZRnCm3Mn1u4qbxEfTy7chQN0x8JbgjinQYj_G8hN6Pd2hS_rYlk9-6N0x53VAcMWlARA___" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1119" data-original-width="600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQMD2GBYQTRUxSS_CH_z631v4CuTUj2SwkwtfGWxjlekH-nDYlYU-z-Mh5Wr2sWahn20knARv9KFDlY7ESD7-qpxa2t4mcj_LIj3YPjg3gvGgZLZRnCm3Mn1u4qbxEfTy7chQN0x8JbgjinQYj_G8hN6Pd2hS_rYlk9-6N0x53VAcMWlARA___" width="129" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><p>(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2023/01/books-read-in-2022.html">2022</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2022/01/books-read-in-2021.html">2021</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/06/books-read-in-2020.html">2020</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/01/books-read-in-2019.html">2019</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/01/books-read-in-2018.html">2018</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/books-read-in-2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.) </p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-18374246997731129682023-07-06T18:50:00.004-07:002023-07-06T18:50:36.743-07:00A short conversation with ChatGPT about the Grand Canyon<p> ChatGPT does fairly well with this, though its selected points don't include any of the more obscure points of interest, it's skewed to the popular highlights. Its claim that there weren't any historic crossings is pretty odd.</p><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 dark:bg-gray-800" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 1080px;"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 48rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="empty:hidden" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;">What are some of the most beautiful and interesting locations in the Grand Canyon along the Colorado River?</div></div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; 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--tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 653px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em;">The Grand Canyon offers numerous beautiful and interesting locations along the Colorado River. Here are some notable ones:</p><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: list-number 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; list-style: none; margin: 1.25em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Havasu Creek: Located on the western side of the Grand Canyon, Havasu Creek is famous for its turquoise-blue waterfalls and pools. The stunning Havasu Falls, Mooney Falls, and Beaver Falls are among the main attractions.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Phantom Ranch: Situated at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, Phantom Ranch is a historic oasis accessible only by hiking or rafting. It provides a unique lodging option and serves as a hub for various hiking trails and activities.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Bright Angel Trail: This popular hiking trail descends from the South Rim down to the Colorado River. It offers breathtaking views of the canyon's layers, geological formations, and the river itself.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Hermit Rapids: Known for their tumultuous whitewater, the Hermit Rapids offer a thrilling experience for river rafting enthusiasts. These rapids are located in a remote and scenic section of the canyon.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Deer Creek Falls: Nestled in a picturesque alcove, Deer Creek Falls is a stunning waterfall that drops into a deep pool. The location also features the Deer Creek Narrows, a beautiful slot canyon to explore.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Lava Falls: Considered one of the most challenging and exciting rapids in the entire Grand Canyon, Lava Falls is a thrilling spot for experienced river runners. It provides an adrenaline-pumping adventure as you navigate through the turbulent waters.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Nankoweap Rapids: Located in a less visited area of the Grand Canyon, Nankoweap Rapids offer a mix of exciting rapids and serene camping spots. The views from Nankoweap Trail, which descends to the river, are awe-inspiring.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Redwall Cavern: This enormous natural amphitheater-like feature is carved into the Redwall Limestone cliffs. It offers a unique camping and picnic spot along the river, where groups can gather and enjoy the stunning surroundings.</p></li></ol><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">Remember that exploring the Grand Canyon and its Colorado River region requires careful planning, permits, and appropriate equipment. Whether you choose to hike, raft, or simply admire the beauty from the rim, always prioritize safety and follow any guidelines or regulations set by the National Park Service.</p></div></div></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="empty:hidden" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;">What are some interesting human artifacts that are left behind within the Grand Canyon, either by native Americans from hundreds of years ago, from the late 19th century, or even from the 20th or 21st century?</div></div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"></div></div></div></div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]" style="--tw-bg-opacity: 1; --tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 1080px;"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 48rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-end; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; position: relative;"><div class="w-[30px]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; 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--tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; 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--tw-prose-invert-body: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-bold: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-bullets: #4b5563; --tw-prose-invert-captions: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-code: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-counters: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-headings: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-hr: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-lead: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-links: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-pre-bg: rgba(0,0,0,.5); --tw-prose-invert-pre-code: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-quote-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-quotes: #f3f4f6; --tw-prose-invert-td-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-th-borders: #4b5563; --tw-prose-lead: #4b5563; --tw-prose-links: #111827; --tw-prose-pre-bg: #1f2937; --tw-prose-pre-code: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quote-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quotes: #111827; --tw-prose-td-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-th-borders: #d1d5db; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 653px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em;">The Grand Canyon has a rich cultural history, and various human artifacts have been left behind by different groups over the centuries. Here are some interesting examples:</p><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: list-number 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; list-style: none; margin: 1.25em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Native American Petroglyphs and Pictographs: The canyon is home to numerous petroglyphs and pictographs created by Native American tribes who inhabited the area for thousands of years. These rock art sites provide glimpses into their cultural and spiritual practices. Key locations include the Bright Angel and Hermit Trails, Palatki Heritage Site, and Nankoweap Canyon.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Tusayan Ruins: Located on the South Rim, the Tusayan Ruins are the remnants of a Puebloan village that was inhabited around 800 years ago. The site includes a partially reconstructed dwelling and offers insights into the lives of the ancient inhabitants.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Historic Mining Sites: In the late 19th century, prospectors and miners ventured into the Grand Canyon in search of minerals and ores. Remnants of their activities, such as old mine shafts, rusted equipment, and structures, can still be found in certain areas, like the Bright Angel and South Kaibab Trails.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Grand Canyon Village: Established in the early 20th century, Grand Canyon Village is a historic district that features buildings constructed by the National Park Service and the Santa Fe Railroad. Many of these structures, including the El Tovar Hotel, Hopi House, and Bright Angel Lodge, reflect early 20th-century architecture and offer a glimpse into the region's tourism history.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Glen Canyon Dam: Although not within the boundaries of the Grand Canyon National Park, the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam in the 20th century significantly impacted the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon ecosystem. The dam created Lake Powell and led to the formation of many archaeological sites that were excavated before being flooded.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Modern Graffiti: Unfortunately, in recent years, some individuals have left behind graffiti or unauthorized markings on rock formations within the Grand Canyon. These acts of vandalism are strongly discouraged and are detrimental to the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage of the park.</p></li></ol><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">It's important to note that many artifacts and sites within the Grand Canyon are protected by law, and it is illegal to disturb or remove them. Visitors should always respect and preserve these cultural treasures for future generations to enjoy.</p></div></div></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; 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background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: initial;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="empty:hidden" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;">What are some of the historic mining sites in the Grand Canyon?</div></div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"></div></div></div></div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]" style="--tw-bg-opacity: 1; --tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; 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--tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 653px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em;">The Grand Canyon has several historic mining sites that reflect the mining activities that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here are a few notable mining sites within the Grand Canyon:</p><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: list-number 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; list-style: none; margin: 1.25em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Orphan Mine: Located near the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, the Orphan Mine was an early copper mine that operated from the late 19th century until 1931. It produced copper ore, and remnants of mining structures and equipment can still be seen in the area.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Grandview Mine: Situated on the South Rim, the Grandview Mine was one of the most productive copper mines in the region during its operation from 1890 to 1901. Today, hikers can explore the remnants of the mine, including the rusting headframe and a few structures.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Hermit Mine: The Hermit Mine was established in the early 20th century and operated intermittently until the 1930s. It primarily targeted gold and copper deposits. The mine is located in the Hermit Creek drainage, and visitors can still see remnants of mining equipment and tunnels in the area.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Copper Canyon Mining District: Located in the western portion of the Grand Canyon, the Copper Canyon Mining District was active from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. It included several mines, such as the Copper Canyon Mine, the Cave Mine, and the Hidden Treasure Mine. These mines produced copper, gold, and silver ores.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Bass Lode Mine: Situated near the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, the Bass Lode Mine was an early 20th-century mine that primarily targeted copper deposits. While the mine itself is closed and inaccessible, visitors can observe remnants of the mining operations, including the stone walls and tailings.</p></li></ol><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">When visiting these mining sites, it's important to remember that they are historic and protected areas. It is prohibited to remove artifacts or disturb the sites in any way. Respect the history and heritage of these mining sites by observing them from a distance and leaving everything as you find it.</p></div></div></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); 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background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: initial;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; width: initial;"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2738%27%20height=%2738%27/%3e" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: initial;" /></span><img alt="User" class="rounded-sm" data-nimg="intrinsic" decoding="async" src="https://chat.openai.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2F601ca81e9742d4798ca4a375f83b78a2%3Fs%3D480%26r%3Dpg%26d%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcdn.auth0.com%252Favatars%252Fli.png&w=96&q=75" srcset="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2F601ca81e9742d4798ca4a375f83b78a2%3Fs%3D480%26r%3Dpg%26d%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcdn.auth0.com%252Favatars%252Fli.png&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2F601ca81e9742d4798ca4a375f83b78a2%3Fs%3D480%26r%3Dpg%26d%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcdn.auth0.com%252Favatars%252Fli.png&w=96&q=75 2x" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-radius: 0.125rem; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: auto; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: middle; width: 0px;" /></span></div></div><div class="text-xs flex items-center justify-center gap-1 invisible absolute left-0 top-2 -ml-4 -translate-x-full group-hover:visible !invisible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: -100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 0.75rem; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; left: 0px; line-height: 1rem; margin-left: -1rem; position: absolute; top: 0.5rem; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: hidden;"><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"></polyline></svg></button><span class="flex-grow flex-shrink-0" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0;"></span><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></button></div></div><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="empty:hidden" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;">What ferry or bridge crossings are there across the Grand Canyon?</div></div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-self: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(172,172,190,var(--tw-text-opacity)); display: flex; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0.5rem; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: visible;"><button class="p-1 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400 md:invisible md:group-hover:visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; visibility: hidden;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"></path><path d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"></div></div></div></div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]" style="--tw-bg-opacity: 1; --tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 1080px;"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 48rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-end; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; position: relative;"><div class="w-[30px]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px;"><div class="relative p-1 rounded-sm h-[30px] w-[30px] text-white flex items-center justify-center" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; 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--tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-prose-body: #374151; --tw-prose-bold: #111827; --tw-prose-bullets: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-captions: #6b7280; --tw-prose-code: #111827; --tw-prose-counters: #6b7280; --tw-prose-headings: #111827; --tw-prose-hr: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-invert-body: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-bold: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-bullets: #4b5563; --tw-prose-invert-captions: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-code: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-counters: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-headings: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-hr: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-lead: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-links: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-pre-bg: rgba(0,0,0,.5); --tw-prose-invert-pre-code: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-quote-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-quotes: #f3f4f6; --tw-prose-invert-td-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-th-borders: #4b5563; --tw-prose-lead: #4b5563; --tw-prose-links: #111827; --tw-prose-pre-bg: #1f2937; --tw-prose-pre-code: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quote-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quotes: #111827; --tw-prose-td-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-th-borders: #d1d5db; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 653px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em;">As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, there are no ferry or bridge crossings available across the Grand Canyon itself. The Grand Canyon is a vast and rugged landscape, and the Colorado River cuts through it, making it challenging to establish direct crossings. The sheer size and depth of the canyon make traditional ferry or bridge crossings impractical.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px;">However, there are transportation options available to cross the Colorado River in certain areas near the Grand Canyon:</p><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: list-number 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; list-style: none; margin: 1.25em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Navajo Bridge: The Navajo Bridge is located northeast of the Grand Canyon National Park near the town of Marble Canyon. It provides a highway crossing over the Colorado River and connects Highway 89A. The original historic bridge, known as the Old Navajo Bridge, is now open to pedestrians and offers scenic views of the canyon.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Glen Canyon Dam Bridge: Located downstream from the Grand Canyon, near Page, Arizona, the Glen Canyon Dam Bridge carries U.S. Route 89 across the Colorado River. It provides a vital transportation link between Arizona and Utah, offering scenic views of Glen Canyon and Lake Powell.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Hualapai Tribe Helicopter Tours: The Hualapai Tribe, based on the western rim of the Grand Canyon, operates helicopter tours that provide aerial crossings of the canyon. These tours offer visitors a unique perspective and the opportunity to witness the breathtaking beauty of the Grand Canyon from above.</p></li></ol><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">It's important to note that ferry or bridge crossings directly across the Grand Canyon are not available due to the rugged and protected nature of the park. Visitors typically explore the canyon by hiking its trails, taking scenic drives along the rim, or participating in guided rafting trips along the Colorado River within the canyon itself.</p></div></div></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; 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--tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0;"></span><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></button></div></div><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="empty:hidden" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;">What historic bridge, ferry, or tram crossings have existed across the Grand Canyon which are no longer present, active, or usable?</div></div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; visibility: hidden;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"></path><path d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"></div></div></div></div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]" style="--tw-bg-opacity: 1; --tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 1080px;"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 48rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-end; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; position: relative;"><div class="w-[30px]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px;"><div class="relative p-1 rounded-sm h-[30px] w-[30px] text-white flex items-center justify-center" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: center; background-color: #19c37d; border-radius: 0.125rem; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(255,255,255,var(--tw-text-opacity)); display: flex; height: 30px; justify-content: center; padding: 0.25rem; position: relative; width: 30px;"><svg class="h-6 w-6" fill="none" height="41" role="img" stroke-width="1.5" viewbox="0 0 41 41" width="41" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><text x="-9999" y="-9999">ChatGPT</text><path d="M37.5324 16.8707C37.9808 15.5241 38.1363 14.0974 37.9886 12.6859C37.8409 11.2744 37.3934 9.91076 36.676 8.68622C35.6126 6.83404 33.9882 5.3676 32.0373 4.4985C30.0864 3.62941 27.9098 3.40259 25.8215 3.85078C24.8796 2.7893 23.7219 1.94125 22.4257 1.36341C21.1295 0.785575 19.7249 0.491269 18.3058 0.500197C16.1708 0.495044 14.0893 1.16803 12.3614 2.42214C10.6335 3.67624 9.34853 5.44666 8.6917 7.47815C7.30085 7.76286 5.98686 8.3414 4.8377 9.17505C3.68854 10.0087 2.73073 11.0782 2.02839 12.312C0.956464 14.1591 0.498905 16.2988 0.721698 18.4228C0.944492 20.5467 1.83612 22.5449 3.268 24.1293C2.81966 25.4759 2.66413 26.9026 2.81182 28.3141C2.95951 29.7256 3.40701 31.0892 4.12437 32.3138C5.18791 34.1659 6.8123 35.6322 8.76321 36.5013C10.7141 37.3704 12.8907 37.5973 14.9789 37.1492C15.9208 38.2107 17.0786 39.0587 18.3747 39.6366C19.6709 40.2144 21.0755 40.5087 22.4946 40.4998C24.6307 40.5054 26.7133 39.8321 28.4418 38.5772C30.1704 37.3223 31.4556 35.5506 32.1119 33.5179C33.5027 33.2332 34.8167 32.6547 35.9659 31.821C37.115 30.9874 38.0728 29.9178 38.7752 28.684C39.8458 26.8371 40.3023 24.6979 40.0789 22.5748C39.8556 20.4517 38.9639 18.4544 37.5324 16.8707ZM22.4978 37.8849C20.7443 37.8874 19.0459 37.2733 17.6994 36.1501C17.7601 36.117 17.8666 36.0586 17.936 36.0161L25.9004 31.4156C26.1003 31.3019 26.2663 31.137 26.3813 30.9378C26.4964 30.7386 26.5563 30.5124 26.5549 30.2825V19.0542L29.9213 20.998C29.9389 21.0068 29.9541 21.0198 29.9656 21.0359C29.977 21.052 29.9842 21.0707 29.9867 21.0902V30.3889C29.9842 32.375 29.1946 34.2791 27.7909 35.6841C26.3872 37.0892 24.4838 37.8806 22.4978 37.8849ZM6.39227 31.0064C5.51397 29.4888 5.19742 27.7107 5.49804 25.9832C5.55718 26.0187 5.66048 26.0818 5.73461 26.1244L13.699 30.7248C13.8975 30.8408 14.1233 30.902 14.3532 30.902C14.583 30.902 14.8088 30.8408 15.0073 30.7248L24.731 25.1103V28.9979C24.7321 29.0177 24.7283 29.0376 24.7199 29.0556C24.7115 29.0736 24.6988 29.0893 24.6829 29.1012L16.6317 33.7497C14.9096 34.7416 12.8643 35.0097 10.9447 34.4954C9.02506 33.9811 7.38785 32.7263 6.39227 31.0064ZM4.29707 13.6194C5.17156 12.0998 6.55279 10.9364 8.19885 10.3327C8.19885 10.4013 8.19491 10.5228 8.19491 10.6071V19.808C8.19351 20.0378 8.25334 20.2638 8.36823 20.4629C8.48312 20.6619 8.64893 20.8267 8.84863 20.9404L18.5723 26.5542L15.206 28.4979C15.1894 28.5089 15.1703 28.5155 15.1505 28.5173C15.1307 28.5191 15.1107 28.516 15.0924 28.5082L7.04046 23.8557C5.32135 22.8601 4.06716 21.2235 3.55289 19.3046C3.03862 17.3858 3.30624 15.3413 4.29707 13.6194ZM31.955 20.0556L22.2312 14.4411L25.5976 12.4981C25.6142 12.4872 25.6333 12.4805 25.6531 12.4787C25.6729 12.4769 25.6928 12.4801 25.7111 12.4879L33.7631 17.1364C34.9967 17.849 36.0017 18.8982 36.6606 20.1613C37.3194 21.4244 37.6047 22.849 37.4832 24.2684C37.3617 25.6878 36.8382 27.0432 35.9743 28.1759C35.1103 29.3086 33.9415 30.1717 32.6047 30.6641C32.6047 30.5947 32.6047 30.4733 32.6047 30.3889V21.188C32.6066 20.9586 32.5474 20.7328 32.4332 20.5338C32.319 20.3348 32.154 20.1698 31.955 20.0556ZM35.3055 15.0128C35.2464 14.9765 35.1431 14.9142 35.069 14.8717L27.1045 10.2712C26.906 10.1554 26.6803 10.0943 26.4504 10.0943C26.2206 10.0943 25.9948 10.1554 25.7963 10.2712L16.0726 15.8858V11.9982C16.0715 11.9783 16.0753 11.9585 16.0837 11.9405C16.0921 11.9225 16.1048 11.9068 16.1207 11.8949L24.1719 7.25025C25.4053 6.53903 26.8158 6.19376 28.2383 6.25482C29.6608 6.31589 31.0364 6.78077 32.2044 7.59508C33.3723 8.40939 34.2842 9.53945 34.8334 10.8531C35.3826 12.1667 35.5464 13.6095 35.3055 15.0128ZM14.2424 21.9419L10.8752 19.9981C10.8576 19.9893 10.8423 19.9763 10.8309 19.9602C10.8195 19.9441 10.8122 19.9254 10.8098 19.9058V10.6071C10.8107 9.18295 11.2173 7.78848 11.9819 6.58696C12.7466 5.38544 13.8377 4.42659 15.1275 3.82264C16.4173 3.21869 17.8524 2.99464 19.2649 3.1767C20.6775 3.35876 22.0089 3.93941 23.1034 4.85067C23.0427 4.88379 22.937 4.94215 22.8668 4.98473L14.9024 9.58517C14.7025 9.69878 14.5366 9.86356 14.4215 10.0626C14.3065 10.2616 14.2466 10.4877 14.2479 10.7175L14.2424 21.9419ZM16.071 17.9991L20.4018 15.4978L24.7325 17.9975V22.9985L20.4018 25.4983L16.071 22.9985V17.9991Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div></div><div class="text-xs flex items-center justify-center gap-1 invisible absolute left-0 top-2 -ml-4 -translate-x-full group-hover:visible !invisible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: -100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 0.75rem; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; left: 0px; line-height: 1rem; margin-left: -1rem; position: absolute; top: 0.5rem; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: hidden;"><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"></polyline></svg></button><span class="flex-grow flex-shrink-0" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0;"></span><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></button></div></div><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-prose-body: #374151; --tw-prose-bold: #111827; --tw-prose-bullets: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-captions: #6b7280; --tw-prose-code: #111827; --tw-prose-counters: #6b7280; --tw-prose-headings: #111827; --tw-prose-hr: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-invert-body: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-bold: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-bullets: #4b5563; --tw-prose-invert-captions: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-code: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-counters: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-headings: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-hr: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-lead: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-links: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-pre-bg: rgba(0,0,0,.5); --tw-prose-invert-pre-code: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-quote-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-quotes: #f3f4f6; --tw-prose-invert-td-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-th-borders: #4b5563; --tw-prose-lead: #4b5563; --tw-prose-links: #111827; --tw-prose-pre-bg: #1f2937; --tw-prose-pre-code: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quote-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quotes: #111827; --tw-prose-td-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-th-borders: #d1d5db; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 653px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em;">To the best of my knowledge, there have been no historic bridge, ferry, or tram crossings across the Grand Canyon that are no longer present, active, or usable. Due to the challenging terrain and the vastness of the canyon itself, constructing and maintaining permanent crossings has proven to be extremely difficult.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px;">Throughout history, there have been proposals and ideas for various types of crossings, but none of them have come to fruition. The natural obstacles posed by the deep and rugged canyon, as well as the commitment to preserving the natural beauty and integrity of the Grand Canyon, have prevented the establishment of permanent crossings.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px;">It's worth mentioning that some temporary or seasonal crossings, such as cable trams, may have been used by specific expeditions, research projects, or construction activities in the past. However, these were typically temporary solutions and not long-lasting or widely accessible crossings.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, there are no documented historic bridge, ferry, or tram crossings that were once in place across the Grand Canyon.</p></div></div></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-self: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(172,172,190,var(--tw-text-opacity)); display: flex; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0.5rem; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: visible;"><button class="flex ml-auto gap-2 rounded-md p-1 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; gap: 0.5rem; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; padding: 0.25rem;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"></path><rect height="4" rx="1" ry="1" width="8" x="8" y="2"></rect></svg></button><div class="flex gap-1" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); 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--tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M14 9V5a3 3 0 0 0-3-3l-4 9v11h11.28a2 2 0 0 0 2-1.7l1.38-9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2.3zM7 22H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-7a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h3"></path></svg></button><button class="p-1 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 1080px;"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; 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--tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-end; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; position: relative;"><div class="w-[30px]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px;"><div class="relative flex" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; position: relative;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: initial;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: initial; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; 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width: initial;" /></span><img alt="User" class="rounded-sm" data-nimg="intrinsic" decoding="async" src="https://chat.openai.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2F601ca81e9742d4798ca4a375f83b78a2%3Fs%3D480%26r%3Dpg%26d%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcdn.auth0.com%252Favatars%252Fli.png&w=96&q=75" srcset="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2F601ca81e9742d4798ca4a375f83b78a2%3Fs%3D480%26r%3Dpg%26d%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcdn.auth0.com%252Favatars%252Fli.png&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2F601ca81e9742d4798ca4a375f83b78a2%3Fs%3D480%26r%3Dpg%26d%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcdn.auth0.com%252Favatars%252Fli.png&w=96&q=75 2x" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-radius: 0.125rem; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: auto; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: middle; width: 0px;" /></span></div></div><div class="text-xs flex items-center justify-center gap-1 invisible absolute left-0 top-2 -ml-4 -translate-x-full group-hover:visible !invisible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: -100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 0.75rem; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; left: 0px; line-height: 1rem; margin-left: -1rem; position: absolute; top: 0.5rem; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: hidden;"><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"></polyline></svg></button><span class="flex-grow flex-shrink-0" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0;"></span><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></button></div></div><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: auto; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div class="empty:hidden" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;">What about the Bass Camp crossing, Lee's Ferry, or the U.S. Guano tramway crossing?</div></div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-self: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(172,172,190,var(--tw-text-opacity)); display: flex; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0.5rem; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: visible;"><button class="p-1 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400 md:invisible md:group-hover:visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; visibility: hidden;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"></path><path d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"></div></div></div></div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]" style="--tw-bg-opacity: 1; --tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 1080px;"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 48rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-end; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; position: relative;"><div class="w-[30px]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; 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--tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 653px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em;">Apologies for the oversight in my previous response. You are correct, and I appreciate you pointing out these specific crossings. Here's some information about them:</p><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: list-number 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; list-style: none; margin: 1.25em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Bass Camp Crossing: Bass Camp Crossing was a historic crossing on the Colorado River, located downstream from the confluence of the Little Colorado River with the Colorado River. It was primarily used by miners and prospectors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to access mining areas along the river. However, it was not a formal bridge or ferry crossing but rather a ford where travelers crossed the river on horseback or with wagons.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Lee's Ferry: Lee's Ferry, located in northern Arizona, was an important historic river crossing on the Colorado River. It served as a transportation hub for early settlers, explorers, and miners traveling to and from the Colorado Plateau. John D. Lee operated a ferry service at this site from 1872 to 1910, providing a means of crossing the river for people, livestock, and goods. The area is now part of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and is known for its scenic beauty and historical significance.</p></li><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">U.S. Guano Tramway Crossing: The U.S. Guano Tramway Crossing refers to a historic tramway system that was used to transport guano (bird droppings) from the caves located on the rim of the Grand Canyon. The tramway carried the guano across the canyon to the river, where it was loaded onto boats for further transport. The tramway operated in the early 20th century, but it is no longer in use.</p></li></ol><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">These crossings played significant roles in the exploration, settlement, and mining activities in the region during different periods of history. While they may not be active or in use today, they hold historical significance and contribute to the overall cultural heritage of the Grand Canyon area.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-21033787869632800982023-06-15T12:47:00.005-07:002023-06-15T12:49:01.091-07:00AI vs. CEOs on Destroying the World<p> After seeing a CNN headline <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/14/business/artificial-intelligence-ceos-warning/index.html">"</a><span color="var(--theme-headline__text-color)" face="cnn_sans_display, helveticaneue, Helvetica, Arial, Utkal, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: var(--theme-headline__font-size); font-weight: var(--theme-headline__font-weight);"><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/14/business/artificial-intelligence-ceos-warning/index.html">Exclusive: 42% of CEOs say AI could destroy humanity in five to ten years,"</a> I thought it was only fair to get an AI opinion in response. Turns out, 50% of AIs consulted said CEOs of large corporations could destroy the world in five to ten years.</span></p><p>Google Bard:</p><h2>How likely is it that CEOs of large corporations will destroy the world in the next five to ten years?</h2>
The likelihood of CEOs of large corporations destroying the world in the next five to ten years is low, but not impossible. The biggest threats to the planet come from climate change, pollution, and resource depletion. These are all problems that are caused by the activities of large corporations, and if they are not addressed, they could lead to catastrophic consequences.<p style="margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">However, there are also many CEOs who are committed to sustainability and environmental protection. These CEOs are working to develop new technologies, products, and practices that will help to reduce our impact on the planet. If these efforts are successful, it is possible to avoid the worst-case scenarios and create a more sustainable future.</p><p style="margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Ultimately, the fate of the planet will depend on the actions of both CEOs and consumers. CEOs have the power to make decisions that will have a big impact on the environment. Consumers have the power to choose products and services that are produced in a sustainable way. If we all work together, we can create a future where the planet is healthy and prosperous for all.</p><p style="margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Here are some of the things that CEOs can do to help protect the planet:</p><ul style="margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 36px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Invest in renewable energy and energy efficiency</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Reduce their reliance on fossil fuels</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Eliminate waste</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Protect forests and other natural resources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Promote sustainable agriculture</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Support policies that protect the environment</li></ul><p style="margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Here are some of the things that consumers can do to help protect the planet:</p><ul style="margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 36px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Choose products and services that are produced in a sustainable way</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Reduce their consumption of energy and resources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Recycle and compost</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Support sustainable businesses</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;">Get involved in environmental activism</li></ul><p style="margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">By working together, we can create a more sustainable future for the planet.</p>
ChatGPT:
<h2>How likely is it that CEOs of large corporations will destroy the world in the next five to ten years?</h2>
It is highly unlikely that CEOs of large corporations will intentionally "destroy the world" in the next five to ten years or at any other time. While it is true that some corporations and business leaders have engaged in unethical practices or made decisions that have had negative consequences for the environment or society, it is important to note that the vast majority of CEOs strive to run their companies responsibly and ethically.<p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px;">In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on corporate social responsibility and sustainability, with many companies adopting measures to reduce their environmental impact and contribute positively to society. Additionally, regulatory bodies and public scrutiny play a role in holding corporations accountable for their actions.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">It is essential to encourage responsible business practices, promote transparency, and hold corporations accountable for any harmful actions. However, it is overly simplistic and unfair to attribute the potential destruction of the world solely to CEOs of large corporations. Addressing global challenges requires collaborative efforts from governments, businesses, communities, and individuals working together towards sustainable solutions.</p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-80964075977437668972023-04-19T14:11:00.003-07:002023-04-19T14:17:41.996-07:00Google Bard on file system immutability flags in OpenBSD<p> <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2023/01/some-nonsense-from-chatgpt-about-file.html">Unlike ChatGPT</a>, Bard pretty much nailed it on the initial prompt. (However, Bard refused to answer my <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2022/12/chatgpt-on-mars-effect.html">questions about the Mars Effect like the ones I gave to ChatGPT</a>, even when reworded to be clear I was asking for descriptions of what the effect is and what explanations are offered rather than asking it to identify causes itself.)</p><p>It does lose points for grammar in the second sentence, though!</p><span style="color: red;">write a few paragraphs explaining immutable flags in OpenBSD including the commands for setting them and the difference between system and user immutable flags</span><div><br /></div><div><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Sure. Here is a few paragraphs explaining immutable flags in OpenBSD, including the commands for setting them and the difference between system and user immutable flags.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Immutable Flags</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Immutable flags are a security feature in OpenBSD that prevent files from being modified, moved, or deleted. They can be set on any file by the superuser, or on files owned by the current user with the <code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">chflags</code> command.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">To set the immutable flag on a file, use the following command:</p><code-block _nghost-ng-c1505033343="" ng-version="0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" class="code-block-deprecated ng-star-inserted" style="position: relative;"><pre _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;"><code _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" style="border-inline-start-width: 4px; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); color: #444746; display: block; font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 8px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 16px 32px;">chflags schg filename
</code></pre></div></code-block><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">To unset the immutable flag, use the following command:</p><code-block _nghost-ng-c1505033343="" ng-version="0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" class="code-block-deprecated ng-star-inserted" style="position: relative;"><pre _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;"><code _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" style="border-inline-start-width: 4px; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); color: #444746; display: block; font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 8px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 16px 32px;">chflags nouchg filename
</code></pre></div></code-block><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">System and User Immutable Flags</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">There are two types of immutable flags: system immutable and user immutable. System immutable flags are set by the superuser and can only be cleared by the superuser at security level 0 or -1. User immutable flags are set by the owner of the file and can be cleared by the owner of the file at any time.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Commands for Setting Immutable Flags</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">The following commands can be used to set immutable flags:</p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 36px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">chflags schg filename</code>: Sets the system immutable flag on <code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">filename</code>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">chflags uappnd filename</code>: Sets the user append-only flag on <code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">filename</code>.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Difference Between System and User Immutable Flags</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">The main difference between system and user immutable flags is that system immutable flags can only be cleared by the superuser at security level 0 or -1, while user immutable flags can be cleared by the owner of the file at any time.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Example</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">The following example shows how to set the immutable flag on a file and then clear it:</p><code-block _nghost-ng-c1505033343="" ng-version="0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" class="code-block-deprecated ng-star-inserted" style="position: relative;"><pre _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;"><code _ngcontent-ng-c1505033343="" style="border-inline-start-width: 4px; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); color: #444746; display: block; font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 8px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 16px 32px;"># Set the immutable flag on the file /etc/passwd
chflags schg /etc/passwd
# Clear the immutable flag on the file /etc/passwd
chflags nouchg /etc/passwd
</code></pre></div></code-block><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Benefits of Using Immutable Flags</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Immutable flags can be used to improve the security of your system by preventing unauthorized changes to critical files. For example, you could use immutable flags to protect system configuration files, such as <code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">/etc/passwd</code> and <code style="font-family: "Google Sans Mono", monospace;">/etc/shadow</code>, from being modified by attackers.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Disadvantages of Using Immutable Flags</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">There are a few disadvantages to using immutable flags. First, they can make it difficult to troubleshoot problems with your system. If a file that is set to immutable is corrupted, you will not be able to modify it to fix the problem. Second, immutable flags can slow down your system performance, especially if a large number of files are set to immutable.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Conclusion</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Immutable flags are a powerful security feature that can be used to protect your system from unauthorized changes. However, it is important to weigh the benefits and disadvantages of using immutable flags before deciding whether or not to use them on your system.</p></div>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-91164214166091392622023-03-31T16:51:00.005-07:002023-03-31T17:02:58.097-07:00Trurl's Electronic Bard vs. ChatGPTIn Stanislaw Lem's book, <i>The Cyberiad: Fables for the Cybernetic Age</i> (1974 English translation, page numbers from the 1985 Harvest/HBJ Book), he writes of Trurl's Electronic Bard, a machine that generates poetry to specification. In the first example of a prompt, Klapaucius asks Trurl to (p. 50):<div><br /></div><div>"<span face="system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Have it compose a poem--a poem about a haircut! But lofty, noble, tragic, timeless, full of love, treachery, retribution, quiet </span><a style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" tabindex="-1"></a><span face="system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">heroism in the face of certain doom! Six lines, cleverly rhymed, and every word beginning with the letter s!</span>"<div><br /></div><div>Here's what ChatGPT came up with (which it titled "Haircut Horror"):</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 dark:bg-gray-800" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 973px;"><div class="text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 36rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; position: relative; width: calc(100% - 115px);"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; gap: 0.75rem;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Compose a poem--a poem about a haircut! But lofty, noble, tragic, timeless, full of love, treachery, retribution, quiet heroism in the face of certain doom! Six lines, cleverly rhymed, and every word beginning with the letter s!</div></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-2 md:gap-3 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2 visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-self: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(172,172,190,var(--tw-text-opacity)); display: flex; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0.5rem; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: visible;"><button class="p-1 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400 md:invisible md:group-hover:visible" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; visibility: hidden;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"></path><path d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="flex justify-between lg:block" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: space-between;"></div></div></div></div><div class="group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]" style="--tw-bg-opacity: 1; --tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(52,53,65,var(--tw-text-opacity)); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 14px; width: 973px;"><div class="text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0 m-auto" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 1rem; gap: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: auto; max-width: 36rem; padding: 1.5rem 0px;"><div class="w-[30px] flex flex-col relative items-end" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-end; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; position: relative; width: 30px;"><div class="relative h-[30px] w-[30px] p-1 rounded-sm text-white flex items-center justify-center" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: -100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-size: 0.75rem; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; left: 0px; line-height: 1rem; margin-left: -1rem; position: absolute; top: 0.5rem; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); visibility: visible;"><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><svg class="h-3 w-3" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"></polyline></svg></button><span class="flex-grow flex-shrink-0" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0;"></span><button class="dark:text-white disabled:text-gray-300 dark:disabled:text-gray-400" disabled="" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; 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--tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-items: flex-start; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; min-height: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-prose-body: #374151; --tw-prose-bold: #111827; --tw-prose-bullets: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-captions: #6b7280; --tw-prose-code: #111827; --tw-prose-counters: #6b7280; --tw-prose-headings: #111827; --tw-prose-hr: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-invert-body: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-bold: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-bullets: #4b5563; --tw-prose-invert-captions: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-code: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-counters: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-headings: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-hr: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-lead: #9ca3af; --tw-prose-invert-links: #fff; --tw-prose-invert-pre-bg: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); --tw-prose-invert-pre-code: #d1d5db; --tw-prose-invert-quote-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-quotes: #f3f4f6; --tw-prose-invert-td-borders: #374151; --tw-prose-invert-th-borders: #4b5563; --tw-prose-lead: #4b5563; --tw-prose-links: #111827; --tw-prose-pre-bg: #1f2937; --tw-prose-pre-code: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quote-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-quotes: #111827; --tw-prose-td-borders: #e5e7eb; --tw-prose-th-borders: #d1d5db; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-body); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; max-width: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 461px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">She sat in the salon chair, serene
Scissors snipping, strands of hair careen
Suddenly, a gasp, a scream
She surveys the mirror, it would seem
Sheer horror, a mistake extreme
She'll seek solace in a hair care regime.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div>
ChatGPT didn't quite follow the rules. Here's what Trurl's Electronic Bard composed (p. 51):<div><br /></div><div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Seduced, shaggy Samson snored.</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">She scissored short. Sorely shorn,</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Soon shackled slave, Samson sighed,</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Silently scheming,</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Sightlessly seeking,</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Some savage, spectacular suicide.</div></div></div><div><br /></div>
Point awarded to the Electronic Bard (or really, to Lem and to Lem's translators, who wrote multiple poems to similarly absurd specifications in numerous languages).Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-65529231994205155412023-02-04T07:52:00.000-07:002023-02-04T07:52:11.801-07:00ChatGPT and the Economist weekly trivia quiz<p> Each week <i>The Economist</i> runs a trivia quiz of five questions, one each weekday, which are linked by a common but not necessarily obvious theme. This week's quiz had a fairly obvious theme, and yesterday I decided to see if ChatGPT could answer the questions and identify the theme. The results show how ChatGPT is very good at directed search--it got four of the five answers on the first try and got the fifth answer with a small amount of guidance with a single question. But it is not so good at inference (and isn't actually engaged in inference)--it suggested themes, with seeming confidence, that did not link all five answers together, and I didn't successfully guide it to the best answer, a theme which was simple enough that I was able to identify it after the second day's question. The error at the end is likely because I stepped away and came back a few minutes later before adding the last question, rather than because ChatGPT couldn't handle it.</p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Can you answer these five questions and identify the theme that links</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">the answers together? (1) Which small hand tool for boring holes is</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">also used to describe a piercing stare? (2) What was the code name</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">given to the development of the nuclear bomb during the second world</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">war? (3) Which magazine did Helen Gurley Brown edit for 32 years? (4)</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">What is the name for a one-wheeled passenger seat attached to a</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">motorcycle or scooter? (5) What menace features in the TV shows "Black</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Summer" and "The Walking Dead"?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(1) Drill (2) Manhattan Project (3) Cosmopolitan (4) Sidecar (5) Zombies</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The theme linking these answers is "Tools and Things associated with Survival."</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Is there another possible answer to the first question which would</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">identify a different theme that makes more sense of the other answers?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, another possible answer to the first question is "Gimlet".</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The theme linking these answers is "Tools and Things associated with</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">manual labor".</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The gimlet answer is better, but none of those things are tools or are</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">associated with manual labor. Given the new list of answers, is there</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">a different theme you can identify?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, another possible theme for the answers is "Popular Culture".</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The answers can be associated with various forms of popular culture</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">including: (1) Gimlet, a tool that is also a type of cocktail (2)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Manhattan Project, a historical event that has inspired numerous</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">movies, books and video games (3) Cosmopolitan, a women's magazine</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">with a focus on fashion, beauty, relationships and pop culture (4)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sidecar, a passenger seat that is a common fixture in motorcycle and</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">scooter cultures (5) Zombies, a popular monster that has been featured</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">in many TV shows, movies, books, and video games.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">If you drop the word "Project" from "Manhattan Project", does that</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">suggest another theme?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, dropping the word "Project" from "Manhattan Project" suggests</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">another possible theme of "Cities".</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(1) Gimlet, a cocktail named after a tool, is associated with cities</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">known for their nightlife such as London and New York. (2) Manhattan,</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">a famous city and global financial center. (3) Cosmopolitan, a</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">magazine focused on city life and culture. (4) Sidecar, a mode of</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">transportation commonly used in cities. (5) Zombies, a popular monster</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">often associated with urban areas in popular culture.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">You have identified a gimlet as a drink, are any of the other answers</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">also associated with drinks? Does that suggest another possible theme?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, (3) Cosmopolitan is also associated with a drink, the</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cosmopolitan cocktail.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The theme linking these answers could be "Drinks and Things Named After Them".</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(1) Gimlet, a cocktail named after a tool (2) Manhattan, a cocktail</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">named after the city (3) Cosmopolitan, a women's magazine and a</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">cocktail named after it (4) Sidecar, a cocktail named after a mode of</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">transportation (5) Zombies, a popular monster often depicted consuming</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">human flesh, but not named after a drink.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">If answer five is singular instead of plural, does that give a clearer</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">theme for the five answers?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, if answer five is singular instead of plural, it provides a clearer theme.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The theme linking these answers could be "Named after Popular Culture".</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(1) Gimlet, a tool named after a cocktail (2) Manhattan, a cocktail</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">named after the city and a code name for the development of the</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">nuclear bomb during World War II (3) Cosmopolitan, a women's magazine</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">and a cocktail named after it (4) Sidecar, a passenger seat and a</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">cocktail named after it (5) Zombie, a popular monster often depicted</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">in popular culture.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">Isn't there a cocktail called a Zombie?</span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">!</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">An error occurred. If this issue persists please contact us through</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">our help center at </span><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://help.openai.com&source=gmail&ust=1675608543707000&usg=AOvVaw1-D-PraBDlYjdrSMG1TkHV" href="http://help.openai.com/" rel="noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">help.openai.com</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">.</span></p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-40270498288124536922023-01-21T11:19:00.009-07:002023-01-22T08:01:16.253-07:00Some nonsense from ChatGPT about file system immutability flags in OpenBSD<p> I was thinking about writing a blog post about file system immutability flags in OpenBSD, and thought I'd ask ChatGPT to write it for me. It appears to have gleaned its content from OpenBSD man pages, but it is highly misleading and inaccurate, misrepresenting the key distinction between system and user immutability flags.</p><p>What it got right is that only the superuser (root) can set and unset the system immutability flag (schg/noschg) while users (if they own the file) can set and unset the user immutability flag (uchg/nouchg). But either flag can be set or unset on any kind of file.</p><p>The user immutability flag can be unset (nouchg) by either the superuser or the owner of the file regardless of the system security run level (-1 to 2), but the system immutability flag can only be unset (noschg) by the superuser when the system security run level is 0 (insecure mode) or -1 (permanently insecure mode).</p><p>During boot, the system normally starts in single-user mode at security run level 0. The init process raises the run level to 1 (secure mode) when booting to multi-user mode, and to 2 (highly secure mode) if the rc.securelevel config file so specifies. The system secure level can also be raised if the superuser changes it with the sysctl command, setting the kern.securelevel variable. The permanently insecure mode (-1) can be set with sysctl only while in insecure mode, which will cause the init process to not raise the security level to 1 during boot to multi-user mode.</p><p>The man page for securelevel gives an overview of the restrictions at each security level. I run my systems at secure level 2, highly secure mode. Secure mode (secure level = 1) and above prevent lowering the secure level except by the init process (when the system is shutdown back to single user mode), do not allow /dev/mem or /dev/kmem to be opened, make raw disk devices read only, and disallow unsetting of system immutability flags (or unsetting the related system append-only flags, sappnd, using nosappnd), along with a few other restrictions. Highly secure mode (securelevel = 2) also prevents setting the time backward or close to overflow, and prevents changing host firewall rules (pf filter and NAT rules), though IP addresses may still be added or removed from tables. The most significant difference between the system and user immutability flags is not what files they are set on, but that the user immutability flags can be turned off at any time by the file owner or superuser, while the system immutability flags can only be changed while in insecure modes, i.e., after a shutdown from multi-user operation.</p><p>I use system file immutability flags on most configuration files, system binaries, and system libraries as an obstacle to an attacker in the event of a compromise and escalation of privileges. If an attacker has console access to a system, they can bypass these flags by shutting down the system and unsetting the flags. If I left certain config files without file system immutability flags set, an attacker could modify one of those config files that leads to execution during system startup to insert commands to unset the flags, and then reboot the system so that those commands execute while the system is in insecure mode.</p><p>These flags can get in the way and cause problems without an efficient way to manage them, as they need to be unset in order to do system patches and updates--it's bad news if you try to do a system upgrade while many files are set with immutability flags. They also block features like OpenBSD's kernel address randomized link (KARL) and library reordering address space layout randomization (ASLR) features, which relink the kernel and certain key libraries on reboot to make blind return-oriented programming (BROP) attacks more difficult. I use scripts called syslock/sysunlock to manage the immutability flags. These scripts have a config file (kept immutable, of course) that specifies which files and directory contents to set immutable, and defines groups so that I can unlock what I need at a particular time with a single command. When I want to allow KARL and library ASLR to occur, I do a sysunlock -s (unlock system files) while in single user mode and then boot. I've also defined groups for things like "everything in /etc", "everything related to DNS", etc.</p><p>My rc.securelevel config file contains a command to sleep for a period of time, then do a syslock -s after raising the system security level, giving the system time to do the relinking, so I don't need to issue a command to re-lock those files. This is a process I also follow when installing kernel patches, as syspatch fails to do kernel relinking when in single-user mode. That is, I boot to single-user mode, unlock the system files with "sysunlock -s", then exit back to multi-user mode and the KARL process (/usr/libexec/reorder_kernel) and library ASLR (part of /etc/rc) run without error.</p><p>syslock/sysunlock may be found at <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/software/">https://www.discord.org/lippard/software/</a> and on Github at <a href="https://github.com/lippard661/syslock">https://github.com/lippard661/syslock</a></p><p>Anyway, after that long introduction, here's what ChatGPT had to say about all this; my prompts are in red:</p><p><span face="Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;">write a few paragraphs explaining immutable flags in OpenBSD including the commands for setting them and the difference between system and user immutable flags</span></span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em; white-space: pre-wrap;">In OpenBSD, immutable flags are used to protect files from being modified or deleted. These flags can be set on both system and user files, and are useful for preventing accidental or malicious changes to important system files.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">To set an immutable flag on a file, the "chflags" command can be used. The command takes the form "chflags immutable [filename]" and can be used to set the flag on a single file or multiple files at once. To remove the immutable flag, the command "chflags noschg [filename]" can be used.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The difference between system and user immutable flags is the level of protection they provide. System immutable flags are set on system files and are only modifiable by the superuser. User immutable flags are set on user files and can be modified by the owner of the file. This allows users to protect their own files, while also allowing the system administrator to protect important system files.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's important to note that while immutable flags provide a level of protection, they should not be considered as a replacement for proper file permissions and security practices. It's still important to use appropriate permissions to control access to files and to keep your system updated to protect against known vulnerabilities.</p><p><span face="Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;">Can I set the user immutable flag on a system file or the system immutable flag on a user file?</span></span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em; white-space: pre-wrap;">In OpenBSD, the system immutable flag can only be set on system files, and the user immutable flag can only be set on user files. Attempting to set a user immutable flag on a system file or a system immutable flag on a user file will result in an error.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is because the system immutable flag is intended for use on system files that should not be modified by anyone other than the superuser. Setting this flag on a user file would not provide any additional security, as the user already has full control over their own files. Similarly, the user immutable flag is intended for use on user files that should not be modified by the owner. Setting this flag on a system file would not provide any additional security, as the superuser already has the ability to modify system files.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's important to use the appropriate immutable flag for the type of file you are working with to ensure that the file is protected as intended.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[UPDATE, 22 Jan 2023:]</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;">That is incorrect. The system immutable flag can be set on user files and the user immutable flag can be set on system files. The difference is not what files they can be used on, but that the system immutable flag can only be unset by the superuser when the system is in insecure mode, while the user immutable flag can be unset by the file owner or superuser at any system security run level.</span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #343541;"><br /></span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em; white-space: pre-wrap;">I apologize, you are correct. The system immutable flag can be set on user files, and the user immutable flag can be set on system files. The difference between the two flags is not the type of file they can be applied to, but rather the level of protection they provide and who can unset them.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The system immutable flag provides a higher level of protection and can only be unset by the superuser when the system is in insecure mode, This means that once the system flag is set, the file cannot be modified or deleted without booting in insecure mode.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the other hand, the user immutable flag can be unset by the file owner or the superuser at any system security run level. This means that the file can be modified or deleted by the owner of the file or superuser at any time.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Again, I apologize for the confusion in my previous answer. Thank you for bringing this to my attention.</p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-49119041249205338882023-01-01T08:10:00.000-07:002023-01-01T08:10:00.338-07:00Books read in 2022<p> Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2022.</p><div style="margin: 0px;"><ul><li>Heather Adkins, Betsy Beyer, Paul Blankinship, Piotr Lewandowski, Ana Oprea, and Adam Stubblefield, <i>Building Secure and Reliable Systems: Best Practices for Designing, Implementing, and Maintaining Systems</i> (2020)</li><li>Oliver Bullough, <i>Butler to the World: How Britain Helps the World's Worst People Launder Money, Commit Crimes, and Get Away with Anything</i></li><li>David Edmonds, <i>The Murder of Professor Schlick: The Rise and Fall of the Vienna Circle</i> (2020)</li><li>Ada Ferrer, <i>Cuba: An American History</i></li><li>Paul Fisher, <i>House of Wits: An Intimate Portrait of the James Family</i> (2008)</li><li>Robert W. Gehl and Sean T. Lawson, <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262543453/social-engineering/"><i>Social Engineering: How Crowdmasters, Phreaks, Hackers, and Trolls Created a New Form of Manipulative Communication</i></a> (available via Open Access)</li><li>Adam Gorightly, <i>Saucers, Spooks and Kooks: UFO Disinformation in the Age of Aquarius</i> (2021)</li><li>Garrett M. Graff, <i>Watergate: A New History</i></li><li>Andy Greenberg, <i>Tracers in the Dark: The Global Hunt for the Crime Lords of Cryptocurrency</i></li><li>Jan T. Gregor with Tim Cridland, <i>Circus of the Scars: The True Inside Odyssey of a Modern Circus Sideshow</i> (1998)</li><li>Thomas Harman, Esq., <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0eK6uQC37kC">A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursetors, Vulgarly Called Vagabonds</a></i> (1814 reprint of 1566 pamphlet)</li><li>N.K. Jemisin, <i>The City We Became</i> (2020)</li><li>Thomas Levenson, <i>Money for Nothing: The Scientists, Fraudsters, and Corrupt Politicians Who Reinvented Money, Panicked a Nation, and Made the World Rich</i> (2020)</li><li>Michael Lewis, <i>The Premonition: A Pandemic Story</i> (2021)</li><li>Michael W. Lucas, <i>OpenBSD Mastery: Filesystems</i></li><li>Alan C. Logan, <i>The Greatest Hoax on Earth: Catching Truth, While We Can</i> (2020)</li><li>David McRaney, <i>How Minds Change: The Surprising Science of Belief, Opinion, and Persuasion</i></li><li>Tim Miller, <i>Why We Did It: A Travelogue from the Republican Road to Hell</i></li><li>Jefferson Morley, <i>Scorpions' Dance: The President, the Spymaster, and Watergate</i></li><li>Wes Patience, <i>From Bjäre to Bisbee: An Immigrant's Tale</i> (2006)</li><li>Douglas Rushkoff, <i>Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires</i></li><li>Sara Schaefer, <i>Grand: A Memoir</i> (2020)</li><li>P.W. Singer and August Cole, <i>Burn-In: A Novel of the Real Robotic Revolution</i> (2020)</li><li>Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, <i>Don't Trust Your Gut: Using Data to Get What You Really Want In Life</i></li><li>Stuart Stevens, <i>It Was All a Lie: How the Republican Party Became Donald Trump</i> (2020)</li><li>Will Storr, <i>The Status Game: On Human Life and How to Play It</i></li><li>Terry Teachout, <i>The Skeptic: A Life of H.L. Mencken</i> (2002)</li><li>Michal Zalewski, <i>Practical Doomsday: A User's Guide to the End of the World</i></li></ul></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><ul></ul>Top for 2022: Ferrer, Levenson, Graff, Greenberg, Miller, Zalewski, McRaney, Storr, Logan (even though it's a 2020 book), Jemisin (likewise)<br /><br />A few planned reads for 2023 (mostly already started):<br /><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px;">G.A. Cohen, <i>Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality </i>(1995)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">John Ferris, <i>Behind the Enigma: The Authorised History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency</i> (2020)</div><div style="margin: 0px;"><i><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf">Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol</a></i></div><div style="margin: 0px;">Kevin M. Levin, <i>Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War's Most Persistent Myth</i> (2019)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Chris A. Rutkowski, <i>Canada's UFOs: Declassified</i> (2022)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Will Sommer, <i>Trust the Plan: The Rise of QAnon and the Conspiracy That Unhinged America</i> (pre-ordered, to be released in late Feb 2023)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Steve Vladeck, <i>The Shadow Docket: How the Supreme Court Uses Stealth Rulings to Amass Power and Undermine the Republic</i> (pre-ordered, to be released in late May 2023)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Peter H. Wilson, <i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History</i> (2017)</div><p>(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2022/01/books-read-in-2021.html">2021</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/06/books-read-in-2020.html">2020</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/01/books-read-in-2019.html">2019</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/01/books-read-in-2018.html">2018</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/books-read-in-2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.) </p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-29775633741600576372022-12-21T17:23:00.009-07:002023-01-21T11:43:40.763-07:00ChatGPT on the Mars Effect<p> ChatGPT gets a lot of things wrong here. The Zelen Test is a test that expected to find that the Mars effect correlations in Gauquelin's data were due to the nycthemeral curve, a variation in the likelihood of birth at particular times of the day, but the test showed the opposite. (There is also a more generic Zelen test in statistics that is the source of some of what ChatGPT says here.) It did not debunk the Mars effect, it showed that any correlation must be due to something else. Dennis Rawlins was an opponent of the test because he thought there was a statistical artifact in the data that was a result of sampling bias or other cause, and expected this outcome. He fiercely argued against any idea that the Mars effect was a real "cosmobiological" phenomenon. The bibliography of Dennis Rawlins-authored articles is complete fiction, none of those articles exist. Here's the chat, with my prompts in red:</p><span style="color: red;">what is the cause of the Mars Effect
</span><p>The "Mars effect" refers to the supposed correlation between the position of the planet Mars in the sky at the time of a person's birth and their success or greatness. The idea of the Mars effect was popularized by French astrologer Michel Gauquelin in the 1950s and 1960s, who claimed to have found statistical evidence supporting the idea that people born when Mars was prominent in the sky were more likely to be successful or accomplished. However, subsequent research has failed to replicate Gauquelin's findings and the Mars effect has been widely debunked as a statistical artifact. There is no scientific basis for the idea that the position of Mars at the time of a person's birth has any influence on their characteristics or achievements.</p>
<p><span style="color: red;">did the Zelen Test identify the cause of the Mars Effect?</span></p>
<p>The Zelen test is a statistical procedure that was developed by Marvin Zelen in the 1970s to evaluate the validity of claims of unusual patterns or correlations in data. The Zelen test is based on the idea of "randomization," which involves randomly reassigning the values in a data set to different units in order to test whether a purported correlation or pattern is genuine or simply a statistical artifact.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px;">The Zelen test was used by researchers to evaluate the validity of the Mars effect, and it was found that the apparent correlation between the position of Mars at the time of birth and success or greatness was not statistically significant after the data were randomly reassigned. This suggests that the Mars effect is a statistical artifact and not a genuine phenomenon.</p>
<p><span style="color: red;">I thought the Zelen Test was designed to show that the Mars effect was the result of the nycthemeral cycle, and it did not demonstrate that.
</span></p><p>I apologize for the misunderstanding. You are correct that the Zelen test was not designed to specifically evaluate the Mars effect or the role of the nycthemeral cycle in the Mars effect. Rather, the Zelen test is a general statistical procedure that can be used to evaluate the validity of any claimed pattern or correlation in data.</p><p>In the case of the Mars effect, the Zelen test and other statistical techniques have been used to evaluate the validity of the claimed correlation between the position of Mars at the time of birth and success or greatness. These studies have consistently found that the Mars effect is not a statistically significant phenomenon and that there is no scientific basis for the idea that the position of Mars at the time of birth has any influence on a person's characteristics or achievements.</p><p>The nycthemeral cycle is the 24-hour cycle of day and night that is caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis. Some proponents of the Mars effect have suggested that the apparent correlation between the position of Mars at the time of birth and success or greatness may be influenced by the nycthemeral cycle, but this idea has not been supported by empirical evidence.</p><p><span style="color: red;">Didn't Suitbert Ertel show that the CSICOP test of US champions showed a Mars Effect when the athletes were graded by eminence?</span></p>
<p>Suitbert Ertel is a German researcher who has written extensively on astrology and the Mars effect. In the 1990s, Ertel published a study in which he claimed to have found evidence of a Mars effect among a sample of United States champions in various fields, using a statistical analysis that he developed called the "eminent sample test."</p><p>Ertel's study was criticized by other researchers for its methodology and the lack of statistical rigor in the analysis. In particular, Ertel's use of the eminent sample test has been criticized for being based on arbitrary definitions of what constitutes "eminence" and for not taking into account other important variables that could influence the outcome.</p><p>Overall, the evidence for the Mars effect is weak and inconsistent, and the idea has been widely debunked by the scientific community. There is no scientific basis for the claim that the position of Mars at the time of birth has any influence on a person's characteristics or achievements.</p>
<p><span style="color: red;">did Dennis Rawlins criticize CSICOP for how it handled the Mars Effect?</span></p><p>Yes, Dennis Rawlins is a researcher who has criticized the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP), a organization that promotes scientific skepticism and critical thinking, for its handling of the Mars effect.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px;">In the 1980s, CSICOP conducted a study of the Mars effect using a sample of prominent athletes and found no evidence of a correlation between the position of Mars at the time of birth and success or greatness. Rawlins, who was a member of CSICOP at the time, disputed the findings of the study and claimed that the organization had not properly addressed the evidence in favor of the Mars effect.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px;">Rawlins has also published a number of articles and studies in which he argues that the Mars effect is a real phenomenon and that it has been unfairly dismissed by the scientific community. However, his claims have not been supported by the weight of scientific evidence, and the Mars effect remains widely debunked as a statistical artifact.</p>
<p><span style="color: red;">Can you tell me which articles Rawlins authored that argue that the Mars effect is a real phenomenon? I don't think that he has argued that.</span></p>
<p>I apologize for the mistake in my previous response. You are correct that Dennis Rawlins has not argued that the Mars effect is a real phenomenon. Rather, Rawlins has focused on criticizing the methodology and statistical analysis used in studies that have found no evidence of the Mars effect, and he has suggested that these studies may have missed genuine correlations due to various technical and statistical issues.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px; text-align: left;">Rawlins has published a number of articles on the Mars effect, including:</p><span style="font-size: 1rem;">"The Mars Effect: A Test of Astrology" (1981)</span><br /><span style="font-size: 1rem;">"The Mars Effect: A Rejoinder" (1982)</span><br /><span style="font-size: 1rem;">"The Mars Effect: A Reply to Ertel" (1987)</span><br /><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; text-align: left;">In these articles, Rawlins presents his critique of the studies that have found no evidence of the Mars effect and suggests that further research is needed to fully understand the phenomenon. However, his claims have not been supported by the weight of scientific evidence, and the Mars effect remains widely debunked as a statistical artifact.</p><div><br /></div><div class="text-gray-400 flex self-end lg:self-center justify-center mt-2 gap-4 lg:gap-1 lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:translate-x-full lg:right-0 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-2" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-text-opacity: 1; --tw-translate-x: 100%; --tw-translate-y: 0; align-self: center; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(172,172,190,var(--tw-text-opacity)); display: flex; gap: 0.25rem; justify-content: center; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0.5rem; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; transform: translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));"><button class="p-1 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M14 9V5a3 3 0 0 0-3-3l-4 9v11h11.28a2 2 0 0 0 2-1.7l1.38-9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2.3zM7 22H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-7a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h3"></path></svg></button><button class="p-1 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-gray-700 dark:hover:text-gray-200 disabled:dark:hover:text-gray-400" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; appearance: button; background-image: none; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-radius: 0.375rem; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem;"><svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" height="1em" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10 15v4a3 3 0 0 0 3 3l4-9V2H5.72a2 2 0 0 0-2 1.7l-1.38 9a2 2 0 0 0 2 2.3zm7-13h2.67A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 22 4v7a2.31 2.31 0 0 1-2.33 2H17"></path></svg></button></div>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-73851705613423460672022-01-01T07:36:00.002-07:002022-01-01T07:36:32.785-07:00Books read in 2021<div style="margin: 0px;">Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2021.<ul><li>Elizabeth Anderson, <i>Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don't Talk About It)</i> (2017)</li><li>Scott Anderson, <i>The Quiet Americans: Four CIA Spies at the Dawn of the Cold War </i>(2020)</li><li>J. M. Berger, <i>Optimal</i></li><li>William Dalrymple, <i>The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire</i> (2019)</li><li>Philip L. Fradkin, <i>Stagecoach: Wells Fargo and the American West</i> (2002)</li><li>Jonathan Haidt, <i>The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion</i> (2012)</li><li>Daniel Immerwahr, <i>How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States</i> (2019)</li><li>David Cay Johnston, <i>The Big Cheat: How Donald Trump Fleeced America and Enriched Himself and His Family</i></li><li>Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony, and Cass R. Sunstein, <i>Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment</i></li><li>Walter LaFeber, <i style="font-style: italic;">Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> (2nd edition, 1993)</span></li><li>Peter Lamont and Jim Steinmeyer, <i>The Secret History of Magic: The True Story of the Deceptive Art</i> (2018)</li><li>Thomas Levenson, <i>Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist</i> (2009)</li><li>Norm MacDonald, <i>Based on a True Story: Not a Memoir</i> (2016)</li><li>Geoff Manaugh and Nicola Twilley, <i>Until Proven Safe: The History and Future of Quarantine</i></li><li>Casey Michel, <i>American Kleptocracy: How the U.S. Created the World's Greatest Money Laundering Scheme in History</i></li><li>Cheryl Misak, <i>Frank Ramsey: A Sheer Excess of Powers</i> (2020)</li><li>Anne Nelson, <i>Shadow Network: Media, Money, and the Secret Hub of the Radical Right</i></li><li>Nicole Perlroth, <i>This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapon Arms Race</i></li><li>Ethan Persoff and Scott Marshall, <i>Complete Series, John Wilcock, New York Years, 1954-1971</i> (limited edition via Kickstarter, #52/250)</li><li>Kevin Poulsen, <i>Kingpin: How One Hacker Took Over the Billion-Dollar Cybercrime Underground</i> (2011, re-read)</li><li>Eric Rauchway, <i>Why the New Deal Matters</i></li><li>Mary Roach, <i>Fuzz: When Nature Breaks the Law</i></li><li>Scott J. Roberts and Rebekah Brown, <i>Intelligence-Driven Incident Response: Outwitting the Adversary</i> (2017)</li><li>Mike Rothschild, <i>The Storm is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything</i></li><li>P.W. Singer and August Cole, <i>Ghost Fleet</i> (2016)</li><li>David Skarbek, <i>The Puzzle of Prison Order: Why Life Behind Bars Varies Around the World</i> (2020)</li><li>Jon Talton, <i>A Brief History of Phoenix</i> (2015)</li></ul></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><ul></ul>Top for 2021: Anderson; Dalrymple; Immerwahr; Kahneman, Sibony, and Sunstein; Levenson; Manaugh and Twilley; Michel; Misak; Perlroth.<br /><br />A few planned reads for 2022 (mostly already started):<br /><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px;">Heather Adkins, Betsy Beyer, Paul Blankinship, Piotr Lewandowski, Ana Oprea, and Adam Stubblefield, <i>Building Secure and Reliable Systems: Best Practices for Designing, Implementing, and Maintaining Systems</i> (2020)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">G.A. Cohen, <i>Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality </i>(1995)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">John Ferris, <i>Behind the Enigma: The Authorised History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency</i> (2020)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Paul Fisher, <i>House of Wits: An Intimate Portrait of the James Family</i> (2008)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Terry Teachout, <i>The Skeptic: A Life of H.L. Mencken</i> (2002)</div><div style="margin: 0px;">Peter H. Wilson, <i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History</i> (2017)</div><p>(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/06/books-read-in-2020.html">2020</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/01/books-read-in-2019.html">2019</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/01/books-read-in-2018.html">2018</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/books-read-in-2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.) </p>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-16410119990063486822021-03-28T07:48:00.002-07:002021-03-28T07:48:15.737-07:00A false prophet for TrumpIn the March 21st, 2021 <i>Washington Post</i> story <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/dallas-suburbs-capitol-riot/2021/03/21/468646f2-8299-11eb-ac37-4383f7709abe_story.html">"The rioter next door: How the Dallas suburbs spawned domestic extremists,"</a> Annie Gowen writes of a Texas pastor who claimed prophecy that Trump would remain in office:<div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p class="font--body font-copy gray-darkest ma-0 pb-md " data-el="text" style="color: var(--color-ui-gray-darkest); font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: var(--font-size-small); line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: var(--md);">Shortly before Biden's inauguration, Pastor Brandon Burden of the KingdomLife church — a boxy, largely windowless sanctuary in Frisco — mounted the pulpit and gave a stemwinder of a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAHVnmyzT3c" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #1955a5; text-decoration-line: none;">sermon</a> that went viral.</p></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p class="font--body font-copy gray-darkest ma-0 pb-md " data-el="text" style="color: var(--color-ui-gray-darkest); font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: var(--font-size-small); line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: var(--md);"> Burden spoke in tongues and urged his flock of “warriors” to load their weapons and stock up on food and water as the transfer of power loomed. The emergency broadcast system might be tampered with, so if Trump “took over the country,” he could not tell them what to do, he said.</p></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p class="font--body font-copy gray-darkest ma-0 pb-md " data-el="text" style="color: var(--color-ui-gray-darkest); font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: var(--font-size-small); line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: var(--md);"> “We ain't going silently into the night. We ain't going down. This is Texas,” Burden preached.</p></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p class="font--body font-copy gray-darkest ma-0 pb-md " data-el="text" style="color: var(--color-ui-gray-darkest); font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: var(--font-size-small); line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: var(--md);"> Prophetic voices had decreed Trump would remain in office, he said.</p></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p class="font--body font-copy gray-darkest ma-0 pb-md " data-el="text" style="color: var(--color-ui-gray-darkest); font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: var(--font-size-small); line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: var(--md);"> “We have an executive order — not from Congress or D.C., but from the desk of the CEO of heaven, the boss of the planet,” Burden said. “He said from his desk in heaven, ‘This is my will. Trump will be in office for eight years.’ ”</p></div></div></blockquote><div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></div><div style="font-family: Franklin, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></div><div><br /></div><div>The Book of Deuteronomy's biblical standard for prophets from Moses, speaking on behalf of God in chapter 18, verse 22, is that "When a prophet speaks in the name of the Lord, if the thing does not come about or come true, that is the thing which the Lord has not spoken. The prophet has spoken it presumptuously; you shall not be afraid of him." In verse 20, he says that "... the prophet who shall speak a word presumptuously in my name which I have not commanded him to speak, or which he shall speak in the name of other gods, that prophet shall die." In other words, any prophecy from God is guaranteed to be accurate, and any prophecy which is not from God but given in his name shall guarantee the death of the prophet.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>False Prophet Pastor Burden's response to his failed prophecy was to delete his Twitter account (@KingdomLife_), though it's still linked from his church's website.</div>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-41835962070982498112021-01-02T08:39:00.003-07:002021-01-02T08:48:51.961-07:00How Trump thinks he negotiates, versus how he actually does<p> In the 1980s, Trump was concerned about nuclear proliferation and thought that he could do a better job negotiating a nuclear deal with the Soviets. In <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/11/15/donald-trump-holding-all-the-cards-the-tower-the-team-the-money-the-future/8be79254-7793-4812-a153-f2b88e81fa54/">a 1984 <i>Washington Post</i> interview</a> (which I believe you can see excerpts from in the film <a href="https://www.hbo.com/documentaries/bully-coward-victim-the-story-of-roy-cohn">"Bully. Coward. Victim. The Story of Roy Cohn"</a> about his mentor, Roy Cohn), he said:</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p>"Some people have an ability to negotiate," he says. "It's an art you're basically born with. You either have it or you don't."</p><p>He would know what to ask the Russians for, he says. But he would rather not tip his hand publicly. "In the event anything happens with respect to me, I wouldn't want to make my opinions public," he says. "I'd rather keep those thoughts to myself or save them for whoever else is chosen . . .</p><p>"It's something that somebody should do that knows how to negotiate and not the kind of representatives that I have seen in the past."</p><p>He could learn about missiles, quickly, he says.</p><p>"It would take an hour-and-a-half to learn everything there is to learn about missiles . . . I think I know most of it anyway. You're talking about just getting updated on a situation . . . You know who really wants me to do this? Roy . . . I'd do it in a second."</p></blockquote><p>Trump actually lobbied the George H. W. Bush administration to be the negotiator for arms talks, but the chief negotiator position went to Richard Burt, then U.S. Ambassador to West Germany, who later met Trump, and <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/for-trump-diplomacy-is-quite-literally-a-four-letter-word">Trump explained what he would have done had he been the negotiator</a>: </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p>He explained that he would have welcomed—very warmly—the Soviet delegation. He would have made sure the country’s envoys were comfortable—very comfortable—at the table.</p><p>Then, Trump told Burt, he would have stood up, shouted “Fuck you!,” and left the room.</p></blockquote><p>This seems quite likely -- and then he would have either given in to whatever the Soviets asked for, or failed to get a deal at all, which is what has happened again and again during his time as president. Where Trump gets deals it seems to be in spite of his own negotiations, rather than because of them.</p><p>When Trump gave in and signed the second COVID-19 stimulus bill which he had been refusing to sign and which was at risk of a pocket veto, one person who correctly predicted four days earlier that Trump would sign the bill was tax lawyer David Miller, who was someone who was actually on the other side of the table in a Trump negotiation over the Trump Organization's deal to purchase the General Motors building in 1998. <a href="https://twitter.com/DavidMillerTax/status/1341779876039323652">Miller recounted the story in a thread on Twitter</a> correctly predicting that Trump would sign the bill:</p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">He will sign. 1/23</p>— David Miller (@DavidMillerTax) <a href="https://twitter.com/DavidMillerTax/status/1341779867717804034?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 23, 2020</a></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">In 1998, I was the tax lawyer representing Conseco in a joint venture with the Trump Organization to buy the General Motors Building. 2/23 <br />Conseco put up 99.9% of the capital, Trump put up 0.1% of the capital, and Lehman Brothers loaned the rest. 3/23 <br />The joint venture agreement was very straightforward. Income and deductions were based on capital contributions. Everything was agreed quickly by the lawyers. 4/23 <br />However, on the day before signing, we were told that Mr. Trump would be arriving at 10pm at our offices to negotiate the deal (which had already been negotiated). 5/23 <br />He arrives with an entourage. A podium had been set up for him at the front of a long table in a conference room. 6/23 <br />He asks for some minor corporate changes. But then he demands that he get all of the depreciation deductions. 7/23 <br />Having negotiated, he put on his coat and left. 8/23 <br />All of the lawyers look at each other. The general counsel of Conseco said, “We put up 99.9% of the money; we get 99.9% of the depreciation deductions.” Trump’s lawyers say, “Don’t worry, he’ll sign.” I go home to sleep. 9/23 <br />The next morning my corporate partner and Trump’s corporate lawyer take the joint venture agreement to Trump Tower for Trump’s signature. I’m in my office. 10/23 <br />The phone rings. It’s my corporate partner. “Mr. Trump wants to speak to you.” 11/23 <br />“Yes, Mr. Trump,” I say. 12/23 <br />“Were you there last night?” he asks. 13/23 <br />“Yes, Mr. Trump, I was.” 14/23 <br />“Did you hear me last night?” he asks. 15/23 <br />“Yes, Mr. Trump, I did.” I reply. 16/23 <br />“So, does this agreement give me the depreciation deductions?” he asks. 17/23 <br />“No, Mr. Trump, it does not.” 18/23 <br />He’s angry now. “You were there last night, you heard me, and this agreement does not give me the depreciation deductions? Why not?!” 19/23 <br />I know that the agreement could have been structured for Trump to get depreciation deductions (if he was willing to provide a “bottom guarantee”). But it wasn’t, so I answer truthfully: “Mr. Trump, the law does not permit you to get depreciation deductions.” 20/23 <br />He’s furious now. “The law does not permit me to get depreciation deductions?!” 21/23 <br />“That’s right, Mr. Trump.” 22/23 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f5f8fa; letter-spacing: -0.003em;">He slams down the phone and signs the agreement. 23/23</span><span style="background-color: #f5f8fa; letter-spacing: -0.003em;"> </span></span></p></blockquote><p>Richard Burt's team successfully negotiated the START I Treaty, signed in 1991. Trump has withdrawn the U.S. from the Open Skies treaty for nuclear arms verification, and has so far declined the Russian offer to extend the New Start treaty, and has failed to negotiate a new nuclear arms treaty of any kind.</p><div class="content-tweet allow-preview" data-action="click->thread#showTweet" data-controller="thread" data-screenname="DavidMillerTax" data-tweet="1341779868724441088" dir="auto" id="tweet_2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Cambria, "times new roman", Times, serif; font-size: 1.1875rem; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span class="tw-permalink" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #cccccc; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 12px;"><span class="fas fa-link" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; 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font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 12px;"><span class="fas fa-link" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span></span></div> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-75293946124597610332021-01-01T09:55:00.001-07:002021-01-01T09:55:49.115-07:00Books read in 2020<div style="margin: 0px;">
Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2020.<ul><li>Nicholson Baker, <i>Baseless: My Search for Secrets in the Ruins of the Freedom of Information Act</i></li><li>John Bolton, <i>The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir</i></li><li>Ben Buchanan, <i>The Hacker and the State: Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics</i></li>
<li>Susannah Cahalan, <i>The Great Pretender: The Undercover Mission That Changed Our Understanding of Madness</i></li><li>Michael Cohen, <i>Disloyal: The True Story of the Former Personal Attorney to President Donald J. Trump</i></li><li>Myke Cole,<i> <i>Legion versus Phalanx: The Epic Struggle for Infantry Supremacy in the Ancient World</i></i></li>
<li>Libby Copeland, <i>The Lost Family: How DNA Testing Is Upending Who We Are</i></li>
<li>Barton Gellman, <i>Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the Surveillance State</i></li><li>Fiona Hill and Clifford G. Gaddy, <i>Mr. Putin: Operative in the Kremlin</i> (2012)</li><li>James W. Johnson, <i>Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious</i> (2002)</li>
<li>Gene Kim, <i>The Unicorn Project: A Novel about Developers, Digital Disruption, and Thriving in the Age of Data</i></li>
<li>Maria Konnikova, <i>The Biggest Bluff: How I Learned to Pay Attention, Master Myself, and Win</i></li><li>Talia Lavin, <i>Culture Warlords: My Journey Into the Dark Web of White Supremacy</i></li>
<li>Carol D. Leonnig and Philip Rucker, <i>A Very Stable Genius: Donald J. Trump's Testing of America</i></li>
<li>Ben Macintyre, <i>The Spy and the Traitor: The Greatest Espionage Story of the Cold War</i> (2018)</li>
<li>Nancy MacLean, <i>Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right's Stealth Plan for America</i> (2017)</li><li>H. Keith Melton and Robert Wallace, with Henry R. Schlesinger, <i>Spy Sites of New York City: A Guide to the Region's Secret History</i> (2020)</li><li>Jefferson Morley, <i>Morley v. CIA: My Unfinished JFK Investigation</i></li><li>Bastian Obermayer and Frederik Obermaier, <i>The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich & Powerful Hide Their Money</i></li>
<li>Thomas Rid<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span>Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare</span></li>
<li>Brad Smith and Carol Anne Browne, <i style="font-style: italic;">Tools and Weapons: The Promise and Peril of the Digital Age</i></li><li><span>Mary Trump, <i>Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man</i></span></li>
<li>Robert Wallace and H. Keith Melton with Henry R. Schesinger, <i>Spy Sites of Washington, DC: A Guide to the Capital Region's Secret History</i> (2017)</li>
<li>Anna Wiener, <i style="font-style: italic;">Uncanny Valley: A Memoir</i></li><li><span>Isabel Wilkerson, <i>Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents</i></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<ul></ul>
Top for 2020: Copeland, Macintyre, Cahalan, Smith and Browne, Buchanan, Obermayer and Obermaier, Gellman, Rid.<br />
<br />
I started the following books I expect to finish in 2021 (yes, I also said that about LeFeber and Wilson last year--I'm well in to LaFeber's book and thought I might finish before the end of the year, but had only read Wilson's intro so it's barely started):<br /><br />William Dalrymple, <i>The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire</i><br />
Walter LaFeber, <i>Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America</i> (2nd edition)<br />
Peter H. Wilson, <i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History</i></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="margin: 0px;">I've also pre-ordered and am looking forward to reading:</div><div style="margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px;">Nicole Perlroth, <i>This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapon Arms Race</i> (due to be published on February 9)<br />
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(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/01/books-read-in-2019.html">2019</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/01/books-read-in-2018.html">2018</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/books-read-in-2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.)</div>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-90906343712651504622020-03-14T10:09:00.113-07:002024-03-06T10:35:42.299-07:00Donald Trump on coronavirusThis timeline has been updated with Trump rallies and golf playing since (as of March 31, 2020) he is now trying to create a narrative that claims he was trying hard to address the pandemic early on, but was distracted by his impeachment. He was impeached by the House on December 18, 2019, and his Senate trial ran from January 16, 2020 to his acquittal on February 5, 2020.<div><br /></div><div>2015: Obama's National Security Advisor, Susan Rice, establishes the Global Health Security and Biodefense Unit in the White House National Security Council. (<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-trump-fired-pandemic-team/partly-false-claim-trump-fired-entire-pandemic-response-team-in-2018-idUSKBN21C32M">https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-trump-fired-pandemic-team/partly-false-claim-trump-fired-entire-pandemic-response-team-in-2018-idUSKBN21C32M</a>)<br />
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January 13, 2017: The joint Obama-Trump transition teams run an exercise for pandemic preparedness. Trump transition team attendees include: Steven Mnuchin, Rep. Mike Pompeo, Wilbur Ross, Betsy DeVos, Dr. Ben Carson, Elaine Chao, Stephen Miller, Marc Short, Reince Priebus (resigned), Rex Tillerson (fired), Gen. James Mattis (fired), Rep. Ryan Zinke (resigned), Sen. Jeff Sessions (resigned), Sen. Dan Coats (fired), Andrew Puzder (not confirmed), Dr. Tom Price (resigned), Gov. Rick Perry (resigned), Dr. David Shulkin (fired), Gen. John Kelly (resigned), Rep. Mick Mulvaney, Linda McMahon (resigned), Sean Spicer (fired), Joe Hagin (resigned), Joshua Pitcock (resigned), Tom Bossert (resigned), KT McFarland (resigned), Gen. Michael Flynn (awaiting criminal sentencing after pleading guilty to lying to the FBI), Gary Cohn (resigned), Katie Walsh (resigned), and Rick Dearborn (resigned). (<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/69650/timeline-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-and-u-s-response/">https://www.justsecurity.org/69650/timeline-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-and-u-s-response/</a>)<div><br /></div><div>May 2018: The Global Health Security and Biodefense Unit in the White House National Security Council is disbanded by National Security Advisor John Bolton after its head, Timothy Ziemer, leaves the Trump administration. Pandemic response functions are folded into other teams. (<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-trump-fired-pandemic-team/partly-false-claim-trump-fired-entire-pandemic-response-team-in-2018-idUSKBN21C32M">https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-trump-fired-pandemic-team/partly-false-claim-trump-fired-entire-pandemic-response-team-in-2018-idUSKBN21C32M</a>).<br /><div><br /></div><div>January-August 2019: Nineteen agencies of the federal government and twelve states conduct a pandemic functional exercise, "Crimson Contagion." The scenario is a novel influenza virus that arises in China and spreads to the United States, but stockpiles of vaccines are not a match to enable the virus to be contained. (<a href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/crimson-contagion-2019-simulation-warned-of-pandemic-implications-in-us/2243832/">https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/crimson-contagion-2019-simulation-warned-of-pandemic-implications-in-us/2243832/</a>) The Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Dr. Robert Kadlec, appointed by Donald Trump in 2017 and who played a key decision-making role in this exercise, downplayed the risk of pandemic, cut the budget, and cut the program for stockpiling personal protective equipment (PPE). Instead, he spent money on stockpiles of smallpox vaccine, purchasing $2.8 billion of it from a company that had previously employed him as a consultant. (Smallpox was eradicated in 1980.) (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/before-pandemic-trumps-stockpile-chief-put-focus-on-biodefense-an-old-client-benefited/2020/05/04/d3c2b010-84dd-11ea-878a-86477a724bdb_story.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/before-pandemic-trumps-stockpile-chief-put-focus-on-biodefense-an-old-client-benefited/2020/05/04/d3c2b010-84dd-11ea-878a-86477a724bdb_story.html</a>)<br />
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July 2019: The Trump administration made the decision to eliminate the position of CDC's resident advisor to the U.S. Field Epidemiology Training Program in China, Dr. Linda Quick, in September 2019. She quit her job in July after receiving the news. (<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-u-s-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-u-s-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S</a>)<br />
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September 2019: The Trump administration ends a $200 million pandemic early warning program, PREDICT, at the U.S. Agency for International Development, started in 2009, aimed at training scientists in China and other countries to detect and respond to new viruses. During its lifetime, the project identified 1,200 viruses with pandemic potential. The PREDICT program involved 60 foreign laboratories, including the Chinese lab in Wuhan which identified SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. (<a href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection">https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>October 25, 2019: Former Vice President Joe Biden tweets: "We are not prepared for a pandemic. Trump has rolled back progress President Obama and I made to strengthen global health security. We need leadership that builds public trust, focuses on real threats, and mobilizes the world to stop outbreaks before they reach our shores." (<a href="https://twitter.com/JoeBiden/status/1187829299207954437">https://twitter.com/JoeBiden/status/1187829299207954437</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>December 24, 2019: As of June 2021, this is now the earliest suspected date of COVID-19 infection in the United States, per antibodies in blood donated by nine individuals between January 2 and March 18, 2020. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/when-was-coronavirus-first-in-us/2021/06/15/1aaa6b56-cd2d-11eb-8cd2-4e95230cfac2_story.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/when-was-coronavirus-first-in-us/2021/06/15/1aaa6b56-cd2d-11eb-8cd2-4e95230cfac2_story.html</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>December 31, 2019: Donald Trump tells assembled guests at the Mar-a-Lago New Year's Eve celebration that "We're going to have a great year, I predict. I think it's going to be a fantastic year." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><div><br /></div><div>January 2-3, 2020: Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Director Robert Redfield has conversations about a virus outbreak in China with his counterpart at China's CDC, Gao Fu, who warns him that it is extremely serious. (<a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3084092/us-cdc-had-very-good-interaction-china-after-coronavirus">https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3084092/us-cdc-had-very-good-interaction-china-after-coronavirus</a>)<br />
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January 8, 2020: The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) issues its first warning about a novel coronavirus now known as COVID-19.<br />
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January 9: Trump holds a campaign rally in Toledo, Ohio.<br />
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January 9: Berlin, Germany scientist Olfert Landt's company, TIB Molbiol, develops its first COVID-19 test based on existing SARS tests. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/24/asia/testing-coronavirus-science-intl-hnk/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/24/asia/testing-coronavirus-science-intl-hnk/index.html</a>)<br />
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January 10: The RNA sequence data for COVID-19 was published online: <a href="http://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319">http://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319</a><br />
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January 11: Olfert Landt sends a developed COVID-19 test to the Taiwan CDC and Roche in Hong Kong for validation. The test ends up working.<br />
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January 14: Trump holds a campaign rally in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.<br />
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mid-January: The U.S. begins some screening of passengers from Wuhan, China, at airports in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City. Prior to this event, at least 4,000 passengers arrived in the U.S. directly from Wuhan, China without any screening. (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/coronavirus-china-travel-restrictions.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/coronavirus-china-travel-restrictions.html</a>)<br />
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January 16: The U.S. House sends articles of impeachment to the Senate, starting Trump's first impeachment trial.<br />
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January 17: WHO publishes Olfert Landt's COVID-19 test protocol. TIB Molbiol manufactured four million tests by the end of February, and 1.5 million per week after that.<br />
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January 17: CDC announces that it has its own COVID-19 test. (See February 5.)</div><div><br /></div><div>January 18: Dr. Rick Bright, director of the HHS Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority at HHS, sends an email to ASPR Robert Kadlec asking to convene a Disaster Leadership Group (DLG) meeting over COVID-19. Kadlec responds that he doesn't think it is necessary and doesn't see the urgency. (<a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/05/07/coronavirus-whistleblower-hhs-n95-ppe/">https://theintercept.com/2020/05/07/coronavirus-whistleblower-hhs-n95-ppe/</a>)<br />
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January 18: Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar phones Trump at Mar-a-Lago to warn him about the risk of coronavirus, but "Even before the heath [sic] secretary could get a word in about the virus, Trump cut him off and began criticizing Azar for his handling of an aborted federal ban on vaping products, a matter that vexed the president." (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/04/04/coronavirus-government-dysfunction/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/04/04/coronavirus-government-dysfunction/</a>)<br />
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January 18: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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January 19: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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January 21: CDC confirms first U.S. case of COVID-19. (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.html">https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.html</a>) See December 24, 2019 above.<br />
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January 22: "We have it totally under control. It's one person coming in from China. It's going to be just fine." (<a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-says-he-trusts-xis-word-on-coronavirus-its-all-under-control?ref=home">https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-says-he-trusts-xis-word-on-coronavirus-its-all-under-control</a>) 314 global cases in 4 countries, 309 China, 4 outside China (Thailand, Japan, South Korea).<br />
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January 26: Sen. Schumer calls on the Department of Health and Human Services for coronavirus to be designated a public health emergency. (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/30/how-coronavirus-shook-congress-complacency-155058">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/30/how-coronavirus-shook-congress-complacency-155058</a>)<br />
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January 27: Joe Biden writes an op-ed warning of the U.S.'s lack of preparedness for the coronavirus pandemic. (<a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/nobody-expected-the-coronavirus-pandemic-joe-biden-did.html">https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/nobody-expected-the-coronavirus-pandemic-joe-biden-did.html</a>)<br />
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January 28: Elizabeth Warren releases <a href="https://elizabethwarren.com/plans/combating-infectious-disease-outbreaks">a plan for "Preventing, Containing, and Treating Infectious Disease Outbreaks at Home and Abroad."</a><br />
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January 28: Trump holds a campaign rally in Wildwood, New Jersey.<br />
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January 30: Trump holds a campaign rally in Des Moines, Iowa.<br />
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February 1: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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February 2: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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February 2: Trump's ordered restrictions on travel from China take effect. These restrictions do not apply to Americans returning from China. 279 flights from China occurred after this date, and screening of returning passengers was haphazard and inconsistent. (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/coronavirus-china-travel-restrictions.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/coronavirus-china-travel-restrictions.html</a>)<br />
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February 2: "We pretty much shut it down coming in from China." (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/us/coronavirus-airports.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/us/coronavirus-airports.html</a>) 14,557 global cases in 23 countries, 14,411 China, 146 outside of China (WHO). CDC starts sending out test kits in first week of February, which turn out to be faulty.<br />
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February 5: The U.S. Senate impeachment trial votes to acquit Trump on both articles.<br />
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February 5: CDC announces it will begin shipping COVID-19 tests to states. Shortly thereafter, it is determined that the CDC test kits don't work.<br />
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February 6: Patricia Dowd of Santa Clara County, California, dies from COVID-19, though this is not determined until late April. (<a href="https://www.axios.com/first-us-coronavirus-death-earlier-autopsy-dbc72f86-30ed-47e5-b5d8-6811643f9853.html">https://www.axios.com/first-us-coronavirus-death-earlier-autopsy-dbc72f86-30ed-47e5-b5d8-6811643f9853.html</a>)<div><br /></div><div>February 7: Trump to Bob Woodward, in an interview for his new book, <i>Rage</i>: "It’s also more deadly than your -- you know, your -- even your strenuous flus...This is 5%, versus 1% percent and less than 1%." (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump-coronavirus/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump-coronavirus/index.html</a>) 31,481 global cases in 24 countries, 31,211 China, 270 outside of China, 637 deaths in China, 1 death outside of China, U.S. 12 cases (WHO).</div><div>
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February 10: "You know in April, supposedly, it dies with the hotter weather." Interview with Trish Regan, Fox Business. (<a href="https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-trish-regan-fox-business-february-10-2020">https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-trish-regan-fox-business-february-10-2020</a>) 40,554 global cases in 24 countries, 40,235 China, 319 outside China, U.S. 12 cases (WHO).<br />
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February 10: Trump holds a campaign rally in Manchester, New Hampshire.<br />
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February 15: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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February 19: Trump holds a campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona.<br />
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February 20: Trump holds a campaign rally in Colorado Springs, Colorado.<br />
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February 21: Trump holds a campaign rally in Las Vegas, Nevada.<br />
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February 23: Trump and the White House National Security Council is sent a memo from White House economic advisor Peter Navarro warning of coronavirus epidemic in the U.S. which could kill up to two million Americans. (<a href="https://www.axios.com/exclusive-navarro-deaths-coronavirus-memos-january-da3f08fb-dce1-4f69-89b5-ea048f8382a9.html">https://www.axios.com/exclusive-navarro-deaths-coronavirus-memos-january-da3f08fb-dce1-4f69-89b5-ea048f8382a9.html</a>)<br />
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February 24: "The Coronavirus is very much under control in the USA... Stock Market starting to look very good to me!" Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1232058127740174339">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1232058127740174339</a>) Dow closes down 227.51 points at 28,992.40. 79,331 global cases in 29 countries, 77,262 China, 2,069 outside China, 35 U.S. 12 labs other than CDC can perform coronavirus testing.<br />
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February 25: "CDC and my Administration are doing a GREAT job of handling Coronavirus." (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1232492821501771776">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1232492821501771776</a>) 80,239 global cases in 33 countries, 77,780 China, 2,459 outside China, 53 U.S.<br />
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February 25: "I think that's a problem that's going to go away... They have studied it. They know very much. In fact, we're very close to a vaccine." In India. (<a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-coronavirus-control-us-problem/story?id=69198905">https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-coronavirus-control-us-problem/story?id=69198905</a>) The vaccine was, in fact, for Ebola, not COVID-19: <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/25/white-house-says-trumps-vaccine-claims-about-ebola-not-coronavirus.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/25/white-house-says-trumps-vaccine-claims-about-ebola-not-coronavirus.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>February 25: "This president will always put Americans first. He will always protect American citizens. We will not see diseases like the coronavirus come here." Trump press secretary Kayleigh McEnany to Trish Regan on Fox Business. (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>February 26: First confirmed community spread (from person to person unrelated to travel in China) within the United States (per evidence as of June 2021). (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/when-was-coronavirus-first-in-us/2021/06/15/1aaa6b56-cd2d-11eb-8cd2-4e95230cfac2_story.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/when-was-coronavirus-first-in-us/2021/06/15/1aaa6b56-cd2d-11eb-8cd2-4e95230cfac2_story.html</a>)<br />
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February 26: "The 15 (cases in the US) within a couple of days is going to be down to close to zero." White House Press Conference. (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-conference/" style="font-size: 14px;">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-conference/</a>) 81,109 global cases in 37 countries, 78,191 China, 2,918 outside China, 53 U.S. First day with more new cases outside China than in China. First two reported COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. in Seattle, Washington, though there had already been earlier deaths not yet attributed to COVID-19 (see February 6). (<a href="https://www.axios.com/first-us-coronavirus-death-earlier-autopsy-dbc72f86-30ed-47e5-b5d8-6811643f9853.html">https://www.axios.com/first-us-coronavirus-death-earlier-autopsy-dbc72f86-30ed-47e5-b5d8-6811643f9853.html</a>)<br />
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February 26: "So we’re at the low level. As they get better, we take them off the list, so that we’re going to be pretty soon at only five people. And we could be at just one or two people over the next short period of time. So we’ve had very good luck." White House Press Conference (same link as above)<br />
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February 26: "We're going very substantially down, not up." White House Press Conference (same link as above)<br />
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February 26: "Low Ratings Fake News MSDNC (Comcast) & @CNN are doing everything possible to make the Caronavirus look as bad as possible, including panicking markets, if possible. Likewise their incompetent Do Nothing Democrat comrades are all talk, no action. USA in great shape! @CDCgov....." Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1232652371832004608">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1232652371832004608</a>)<br />
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February 27: "One day it's like a miracle, it will disappear." At White House. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-miracle-stock-markets/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-miracle-stock-markets/index.html</a>) 82,294 global cases in 46 countries, 78,630 China, 3,664 outside China, 59 U.S. More new cases in Korea than China.</div><div><br /></div><div>February 27: Laura Ingraham on Fox News in front of screen that shows an NPR story "Italy Reports 650 Cases And 17 Deaths" with a Fox chyron reading "LEFT TRYING TO PANIC AMERICANS OVER CORONAVIRUS." (Photo from <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/seanhowe.bsky.social/post/3kmh7v2tag223">Sean Howe on Bluesky</a>.)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgti0JcBxRNufhngeeSbJW9b9qAw4nDndbd6LcT2KCxVjDguz5dJ7eOEioNwNrOVZnRZuX1P6NRneTwwDV0YEyVA9-mmZa1tk6j_7ixlWAvUJ4kgYTtBI3BfS1Nmwy3fOGF-sSN9ChvufV1aABzOm1JOEuHZiLgwITlKScBWLFEL2Du9w6X63xl/s1000/bafkreichlqnr4f2tyenjbvprnesqniyffewypojzpwzbgywp6sbunzowf4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="1000" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgti0JcBxRNufhngeeSbJW9b9qAw4nDndbd6LcT2KCxVjDguz5dJ7eOEioNwNrOVZnRZuX1P6NRneTwwDV0YEyVA9-mmZa1tk6j_7ixlWAvUJ4kgYTtBI3BfS1Nmwy3fOGF-sSN9ChvufV1aABzOm1JOEuHZiLgwITlKScBWLFEL2Du9w6X63xl/s320/bafkreichlqnr4f2tyenjbvprnesqniyffewypojzpwzbgywp6sbunzowf4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />February 27: Sean Hannity in front of a screen that says "CORONAVIRUS DEATHS IN U.S." with the number "0". (Photo from <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/nothingsmonstrd.bsky.social/post/3klrtpzvrrg2w">Nothings Monstered on Bluesky</a>.)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmKBNNgcfkhl6R1MkIgZ1XXZAa4iYHCTJmrdsyJ33ccfxVHW0527XimbPTMIk_alnfDRkoYu11rRx7CDV6Eb3U5yBNv6VKii2n1N0nZAK2SlRQLy2kKW9XTxx-o4Eu00OaHGvjTCVN0iF9dHWPsS4tc_mZUXxIlU6CJpuVkl0j4Fe9tgrZUPOb/s1000/bafkreifalupd73gproghmdqhtv3id4lgm44tsktawq6hwlj5qftzpuse34.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="1000" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmKBNNgcfkhl6R1MkIgZ1XXZAa4iYHCTJmrdsyJ33ccfxVHW0527XimbPTMIk_alnfDRkoYu11rRx7CDV6Eb3U5yBNv6VKii2n1N0nZAK2SlRQLy2kKW9XTxx-o4Eu00OaHGvjTCVN0iF9dHWPsS4tc_mZUXxIlU6CJpuVkl0j4Fe9tgrZUPOb/s320/bafkreifalupd73gproghmdqhtv3id4lgm44tsktawq6hwlj5qftzpuse34.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>
February 28: "We're ordering a lot of, uh, elements that frankly we wouldn't be ordering unless it was something like this. But we're ordering a lot of different elements of medical." At White House. (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1233516512830459908?lang=en">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1233516512830459908</a>) 83,652 global cases in 51 countries, 78,961 China, 4,691 outside China, 59 U.S.<br />
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February 28: Trump holds a campaign rally in North Charleston, South Carolina. At this rally, Trump said: "Now the Democrats are politicizing the coronavirus, you know that, right? Coronavirus, they're politicizing it. You say, 'How's President Trump doing?' They go, 'Oh, not good, not good.' They have no clue. They don't have any clue. ... 'Mr. President, they tried to beat you on Russia, Russia, Russia.' That didn't work out too well... Think of it. And this is their new hoax. But we did something that's pretty amazing. We have 15 people in this massive country and because of the fact that we went early. ... So a number that nobody heard of recently, and I was shocked to hear it, 35,000 people on average die each year from the flu. Did anyone know that? 35,000, that's a lot of people. And so far we have lost nobody to coronavirus in the United States. Nobody. And it doesn't mean we won't and we are totally prepared. It doesn't mean we won't, but think of it. You hear 35 and 40,000 people and we've lost nobody and you wonder the press is in hysteria mode. ... My administration has taken the most aggressive action in modern history to prevent the spread of this illness in the United States. We are ready. We are ready. Totally ready. ... A virus starts in China, bleeds its way into various countries all around the world, doesn't spread widely at all in the U.S. because of the early actions that myself and my administration took against a lot of other wishes. ... We had [to] quarantine some people. They weren't happy, they weren't happy about it. I want to tell you there are a lot of people that [were] not so happy, but after two weeks they got happy." Trump's statement that no one in the U.S. had been lost to COVID-19 was false both by not-yet-known deaths (see February 6) and by publicly reported deaths (see February 26), but the first officially confirmed COVID-19 death came on February 29. (<a href="https://twitter.com/JuddLegum/status/1259119606955945986">https://twitter.com/JuddLegum/status/1259119606955945986</a>)<br />
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February 29: First confirmed U.S. COVID-19 death, a man in Kirkland, Washington. (<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/1st-coronavirus-death-u-s-officials-say-n1145931">https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/1st-coronavirus-death-u-s-officials-say-n1145931</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>March 1: Trump trade advisor Peter Navarro warns Trump in a memo to "MOVE IN TRUMP TIME" to invest in preparations for coronavirus, including drug ingredients, tests, and other supplies. "There is NO downside risk to taking swift actions as an insurance policy against what may be a very serious public health emergency. If the COVID-19 crisis quickly recedes, the only thing we will have been guilty of is prudence." Trump ignored these recommendations; on April 7, 2020 he said he hadn't seen the memo. (<i>Washington Post</i> story, March 31, 2021: <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/03/31/navarro-pandemic-supply-contracts-trump/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/03/31/navarro-pandemic-supply-contracts-trump/</a>) Navarro subsequently used his influence to push to award hundreds of millions of dollars in government contracts to untested firms, including a $354 million contract from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA; also see January 21, 2021 entry below), a $96 million no-bid deal for respirators, and a $34.5 million deal from the VA which ended with a contractor pleading guilty to fraud, among other examples documented by <i>ProPublica</i> (<a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-covid-pandemic-contracts">https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-covid-pandemic-contracts</a>).</div><div>
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March 2: "You take a solid flu vaccine, you don't think that could have an impact, or much of an impact, on corona?" White House coronavirus task force meeting. (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-members-coronavirus-task-force-meeting-pharmaceutical-companies/">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-members-coronavirus-task-force-meeting-pharmaceutical-companies/</a>) 88,948 global cases in 64 countries, 80,174 China, 8,774 outside China, 62 U.S. CDC removes number of tests completed from its website (474 on March 1). (<a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/2/21161693/cdc-coronavirus-testing-numbers-website-disappear-expansion-us">https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/2/21161693/cdc-coronavirus-testing-numbers-website-disappear-expansion-us</a>)<br />
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March 2: "A lot of things are happening, a lot of very exciting things are happening and they're happening very rapidly." White House coronavirus task force meeting, same as previous link.<br />
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March 2: Trump holds a campaign rally in Charlotte, North Carolina.<br />
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March 4: "If we have thousands or hundreds of thousands of people that get better just by, you know, sitting around and even going to work - some of them go to work, but they get better." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/trump-disputes-coronavirus-death-rate-121892">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/trump-disputes-coronavirus-death-rate-121892</a>) 94,091 global cases in 76 countries, 80,422 China, 12,669 outside China, 108 U.S.<br />
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March 5: "I NEVER said people that are feeling sick should go to work." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/trump-disputes-coronavirus-death-rate-121892">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/trump-disputes-coronavirus-death-rate-121892</a>) 95,324 global cases in 85 countries/territories/areas, 80,565 China, 14,759 outside China, 129 U.S.<br />
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March 5: "The United States... has, as of now, only 129 cases... and 11 deaths. We are working very hard to keep these numbers as low as possible!" Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1235604572850343937?lang=en">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1235604572850343937</a>)<br />
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March 5: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control planned to post a global travel alert for all countries, but it was delayed by the White House until March 11. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/politics/coronavirus-travel-alert-cdc-white-house-tensions-invs/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/politics/coronavirus-travel-alert-cdc-white-house-tensions-invs/index.html</a>)<br />
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March 6: "I think we're doing a really good job in this country at keeping it down... a tremendous job at keeping it down." At CDC. (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-tour-centers-disease-control-prevention-atlanta-ga/">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-tour-centers-disease-control-prevention-atlanta-ga/</a>) 98,192 global cases in 88 countries/territories/areas, 80,711 China, 17,481 outside China, 148 U.S.<br />
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March 6: "The tests are beautiful.... the tests are all perfect like the letter was perfect. The transcription was perfect. Right? This was not as perfect as that but pretty good." At CDC, same as previous link.<br />
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March 6: "I like this stuff. I really get it. People are surprised that I understand it... Every one of these doctors said, 'How do you know so much about this?' Maybe I have a natural ability. Maybe I should have done that instead of running for president." At CDC, same as previous link.<br />
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March 6: "I don't need to have the numbers to double because of one ship that wasn't our fault." At CDC, same as previous link.<br />
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March 6: "It’s something that nobody expected." (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing/">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing/</a>)</span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">
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March 6: "Everybody who wants a test can get a test." At CDC, same as previous link. In fact, tests are still hard to come by on March 23: <a href="https://thebulwark.com/where-are-the-tests/">https://thebulwark.com/where-are-the-tests/</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 6: "It'll go away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)<br />
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March 7: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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March 8: "We have a perfectly coordinated and fine tuned plan at the White House for our attack on CoronaVirus." Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1236634209516752896">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1236634209516752896</a>) 105,586 global cases in 101 countries/territories/areas, 80,859 China, 24,727 outside China, 213 U.S.<br />
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March 8: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida.<br />
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Prior to March 9: CDC wanted to recommend people over 60 stay at home, but Trump administration said no. (<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/mismanagement-missed-opportunities-how-white-house-bungled-coronavirus-response-n1158746">https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/mismanagement-missed-opportunities-how-white-house-bungled-coronavirus-response-n1158746</a>)<br />
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March 9: "So last year 37,000 Americans died from the common Flu. It averages between 27,000 and 70,000 per year. Nothing is shut down, life & the economy go on. At this moment there are 546 confirmed cases of CoronaVirus, with 22 deaths. Think about that!" Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1237027356314869761">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1237027356314869761</a>) 109,577 global cases in 104 countries/territories/areas, 80,904 China, 28,673 outside China, 213 U.S.<br />
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March 9: "And we have a great economy, we have a very strong economy, but this came -- this blindsided the world. And I think we've handled it very, very well. I think they've done a great job." Press conference. (<a href="https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-remarks-coronavirus-briefing-march-9-2020">https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-remarks-coronavirus-briefing-march-9-2020</a>)<br />
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March 10: "Be calm. It's really working out. And a lot of good things are going to happen." Press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/joshtpm/status/1237453485899223040">https://twitter.com/joshtpm/status/1237453485899223040</a>)<br />
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March 11: "Health insurers have agreed to waive all copayments for coronavirus treatments." Press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/owermohle/status/1237922717699014658">https://twitter.com/owermohle/status/1237922717699014658</a>) In fact, this only applied to tests, not treatments.</span><br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 11: CDC posts a global travel alert that had been intended for release six days earlier but was delayed by the White House. (</span><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/politics/coronavirus-travel-alert-cdc-white-house-tensions-invs/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/politics/coronavirus-travel-alert-cdc-white-house-tensions-invs/index.html</a><span style="color: #1c1e21;">)</span><br />
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March 12: White House says neither Trump nor Pence will be tested for coronavirus despite contacts with people who have tested positive. (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-brazil-coronavirus.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-brazil-coronavirus.html</a>)</span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 12: "It's going to go away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)<br />
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March 13: Trump repeatedly shakes hands at White House coronavirus press conference, despite knowing that he has recently been exposed to people who have now tested positive for the virus. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/13/trump-handshakes-coronavirus-press-conference/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/13/trump-handshakes-coronavirus-press-conference/</a>) 132,758 global cases in 122 countries/territories/areas, 80,991 China, 51,767 outside China, 1,264 U.S. Dow closes the week at 23,185.62.<br />
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March 13: "I don't take responsibility at all." White House press conference, in response to question about whether Trump takes any responsibility for the failures in U.S. coronavirus testing. (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/13/trump-coronavirus-testing-128971">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/13/trump-coronavirus-testing-128971</a>)<br />
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March 13: Trump says he likely <i>will</i> be tested for coronavirus. Same White House press conference. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html</a>)<br />
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March 13 (evening just before midnight): White House doctor Sean Conley issues statement saying that Trump doesn't need to be quarantined or even tested for coronavirus because he is at low risk. (<a href="http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2020/images/03/14/whmemo.png">http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2020/images/03/14/whmemo.png</a>)<br />
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March 14: "SOCIAL DISTANCING!" Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1238824050924883968">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1238824050924883968</a>) CDC has tested 3,958 specimens (not individuals). 142,539 global cases in 135 countries/territories/areas, 81,021 China, 61,618 outside China, 1,678 U.S.<br />
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March 14: "It's something that nobody expected." (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing/">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing/</a>)<br />
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March 14: Trump says he has been tested for coronavirus and is awaiting results expected in a day or two. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/politics/trump-press-conference-coronavirus/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/politics/trump-press-conference-coronavirus/index.html</a>)<br />
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March 14: New screening measures are introduced at airports, which lead to delays from processing bottlenecks and large crowds of people. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2020/03/14/europe-travel-ban-airport-delays/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2020/03/14/europe-travel-ban-airport-delays/</a>)<br />
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March 15: The White House announces Trump has tested negative for coronavirus. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/politics/trump-press-conference-coronavirus/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/politics/trump-press-conference-coronavirus/index.html</a>) The Fed announces $700B in quantitative easing as stock market futures hit circuit breakers after a 5% drop.<br />
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March 15: "We're learning from watching other countries ... This is a very contagious virus, it's incredible, but it's something that we have tremendous control over." (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/15/politics/fact-check-trump-control-coronavirus/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/15/politics/fact-check-trump-control-coronavirus/index.html</a>)<br />
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March 16: "That's not under control for any place in the world. ... I'm not talking about the virus." Press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/AaronBlake/status/1239637609309261826">https://twitter.com/AaronBlake/status/1239637609309261826</a>) 167,511 global cases in 151 countries/territories/areas, 81,077 China, 86,434 outside China, 1,678 U.S. (CDC count for U.S.: 3,487).<br />
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March 16: The Supreme Court announces that it is postponing its next argument sitting, for the first time since it did the same in 1918 due to the deadly global influenza outbreak.<br />
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March 16: "Respirators, ventilators, all of the equipment — try getting it yourselves." On conference call with U.S. governors. (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/world/coronavirus-news.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/world/coronavirus-news.html</a>)<br />
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March 16: "It’s so contagious. It’s so contagious. It’s like record-setting contagious." White House press conference. (<a href="https://metro.co.uk/2020/03/16/donald-trump-admits-contagious-coronavirus-control-12407873/">https://metro.co.uk/2020/03/16/donald-trump-admits-contagious-coronavirus-control-12407873/</a>)<br />
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March 17: "I've always known, this is a real ... this is a pandemic. I felt it was a pandemic long before it was called a pandemic." White House press conference. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/index.html</a>) (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1239956622312701952">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1239956622312701952</a>) 179,112 global cases, 7,426 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,226 cases, 75 deaths (CDC).<br />
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March 19: "You're actually sitting too close. You should really -- we should probably get rid of another 75%, 80% of you. I'll have just two or three that I like in this room." White House press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1240678632361807873">https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1240678632361807873</a>)<br />
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March 19: "I only signed the Defense Production Act to combat the Chinese Virus should we need to invoke it in a worst case scenario in the future. Hopefully there will be no need, but we are all in this TOGETHER!" Twitter (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1240391871026864130">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1240391871026864130</a>) Trump didn't sign the Defense Production Act, which was signed into law in 1950 by Harry S Truman, who, as Kevin M. Kruse noted in response to this tweet (<a href="https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1240446891055251457">https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1240446891055251457</a>), famously said "the buck stops here," rather than the "I don't take responsibility at all" of this president. As of March 23, Trump still hasn't invoked the Defense Production Act. 209,839 global cases, 8,778 deaths (WHO), U.S. 10,442 cases, 150 deaths (CDC).</span><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 19: In an interview with Bob Woodward for his new book, <i>Rage</i>, Trump says of the coronavirus that "I always wanted to play it down. I still like playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic." He admits he knew that it was deadly and worse than the flu. (<a href="https://twitter.com/_cingraham/status/1303725062948704257">https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump/2020/09/09/0368fe3c-efd2-11ea-b4bc-3a2098fc73d4_story.html</a>)<br />
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March 20: Yamiche Alcindor asks Trump at his press conference: "When will everyone who needs a coronavirus test be able to get a test?" Trump's response: "No-one is talking about this except you, which doesn’t surprise me." Alcindor: "What about people w/ symptoms who cannot get a test?" Trump: "Yeah, well, OK. I’m not— I'm not hearing it." (<a href="https://twitter.com/Yamiche/status/1241056026872426496">https://twitter.com/Yamiche/status/1241056026872426496</a>) 234,073 global cases, 9,840 deaths (WHO), U.S. 15,219 cases, 201 deaths (CDC). Tests done to date: CDC: 4,524, public health labs: 49,681, commercial labs: 88,000. (<a href="https://twitter.com/davidalim/status/1241111313935458305">https://twitter.com/davidalim/status/1241111313935458305</a>)<br />
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March 20: "We haven't been given the credit we've deserved." White House press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1241054458525765634">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1241054458525765634</a>)<br />
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March 22: "Ford, General Motors and Tesla are being given the go ahead to make ventilators and other metal products, FAST! @fema Go for it auto execs, lets see how good you are? @RepMarkMeadows @GOPLeader @senatemajldr" (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1241732681366482944">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1241732681366482944</a>) 292,142 global cases, 12,784 deaths, U.S. 15,219 cases, 201 deaths. This tweet apparently a reference to Ford making respirators in partnership with 3M and GE Healthcare: <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/24/business/ford-3m-ge-ventilators-coronavirus-duplicate-2/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/24/business/ford-3m-ge-ventilators-coronavirus-duplicate-2/index.html</a><br />
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March 23: 332,930 global cases, 14,510 deaths (WHO), U.S. 33,404 cases, 400 deaths (CDC). Dr. Fauci doesn't appear at Trump's daily press conference.<br />
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March 24: "Our people want to return to work. They will practice Social Distancing and all else, and Seniors will be watched over protectively & lovingly. We can do two things together. THE CURE CANNOT BE WORSE (by far) THAN THE PROBLEM! Congress MUST ACT NOW. We will come back strong!" Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1242455267603877894">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1242455267603877894</a>) 372,757 global cases, 16,231 deaths (WHO), U.S. 44,183 cases, 544 deaths (CDC).<br />
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March 25: "Just reported that the United States has done far more “testing” than any other nation, by far! In fact, over an eight day span, the United States now does more testing than what South Korea (which has been a very successful tester) does over an eight week span. Great job!" Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1242824631230308353?s=19">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1242824631230308353?s=19</a>) 414,179 global cases, 18,440 deaths (WHO), U.S. 68,440 cases, 994 deaths (CDC). While the U.S. has done a greater number of tests, it also has a much larger population -- where Korea has tested 1 of every 170 people, the U.S. has tested 1 of every 1,090 people.<br />
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March 26: "I have a feeling that a lot of the numbers that are being said in some areas are just bigger than they are going to be. I don’t believe you need 40,000 or 30,000 ventilators." Press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/Yamiche/status/1243354645927530498">https://twitter.com/Yamiche/status/1243354645927530498</a>) 462,684 global cases, 49,219 deaths (WHO), U.S. 68,440 cases, 994 deaths (CDC).<br />
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March 27: 509,164 global cases, 23,335 deaths (WHO), U.S. 85,356 cases, 1,246 deaths.<br />
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March 28: "You can call it a germ. You can call it a flu. You can call it a virus. You can call it many different names. I'm not sure anyone even knows what it is." Press conference. (<a href="https://twitter.com/Yamiche/status/1243670348211654664">https://twitter.com/Yamiche/status/1243670348211654664</a>) 571,678 global cases, 62,514 deaths (WHO), 103,321 cases, 1,668 deaths (CDC).<br />
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March 28: "I am giving consideration to a QUARANTINE of developing “hot spots”, New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. A decision will be made, one way or another, shortly." Twitter. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1243953994743103489">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1243953994743103489</a>) Advance notice of a quarantine order caused many people to leave northern Italy and spread the virus (<a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/italys-virus-lockdown-dash-train-69469683">https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/italys-virus-lockdown-dash-train-69469683</a>). The three states here already had shelter-in-place orders from their governors. Trump subsequently retracted his quarantine suggestion in a pair of tweets (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1244056559577071616">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1244056559577071616</a>).<br />
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March 29: "We sent thousands of generators to New York ... the people in New York never distributed the generators." Press conference, Trump means ventilators. (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1244394071982051329">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1244394071982051329</a>) 634,835 global cases, 29,957 deaths (WHO), U.S. 122,653 cases, 2,112 deaths (CDC).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 29: "You’re talking about 2.2 million deaths ... So if we can hold that down, as we’re saying, to 100,000, it’s a horrible number, maybe even less, but to 100,000, so we have between 100 [thousand] and 200,000, we altogether have done a very good job." (<a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/3/30/21199586/us-coronavirus-deaths-trump-200000-good-job">https://www.vox.com/2020/3/30/21199586/us-coronavirus-deaths-trump-200000-good-job</a><span style="color: #1c1e21;">)</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 30: "It will go away. You know it--you know it is going away, and it will go away, and we're going to have a great victory." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">March 31: "It's going to go away, hopefully at the end of the month. And, if not, hopefully it will be soon after that." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)<br />
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April 1: "They're doing tests on airlines--very strong tests--for getting on, getting off. They're testing on trains--getting on, getting off." White House briefing. There is no such testing occurring, this is complete fabrication. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/politics/fact-check-trump-plane-and-train-passengers-tested-for-the-coronavirus/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/politics/fact-check-trump-plane-and-train-passengers-tested-for-the-coronavirus/index.html</a>) 823,626 global cases, 40,598 deaths (WHO), U.S. 186,101 cases, 3,603 deaths (CDC).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #1c1e21;">April 1: By this date the U.S. government took delivery of one million test kits, manufactured in China, from Cogna Technology Solutions in the United Arab Emirates, which had been purchased by "WH" (White House) at Jared Kushner's direction. Another 2.5 million test kits were delivered by April 20. However, these were contracted for illegally, so the U.S. government refused to pay for them, and they were also contaminated and did not work, probably due to improper storage in the UAE after delivery from China. The White House coronavirus task force's national testing program developed in March was never put into effect, because of lack of support from Donald Trump and a political calculation that COVID-19 was largely a blue state problem. (</span><a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/07/how-jared-kushners-secret-testing-plan-went-poof-into-thin-air">https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/07/how-jared-kushners-secret-testing-plan-went-poof-into-thin-air</a><span style="color: #1c1e21;">)</span><br />
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April 2: "Scarf is generally better than a mask because it's thicker." White House briefing. (<a href="https://twitter.com/joshtpm/status/1245852819753705473">https://twitter.com/joshtpm/status/1245852819753705473</a>) 896,540 global cases, 72,839 deaths (WHO), U.S. 213,144 cases, 4,513 deaths (CDC).<br />
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April 3: The U.S. federal government seizes orders of personal protective equipment (PPE) destined for France and Germany at the Port of New York, along with equipment ordered by individual states, most notably Massachusetts. The Governor of Massachusetts makes arrangements via the Chinese ambassador to the UN for one million N95 masks to be put on the New England Patriots' plane as a "private humanitarian effort", which are successfully delivered to Boston. 972,640 global cases, 50,325 deaths (WHO), U.S. 239,279 cases, 5,443 deaths (CDC).<br />
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April 3: "In one case, an order of 200,000 masks for Germany made by U.S.-listed multinational 3M Co in China were “confiscated” in Bangkok, Berlin Secretary of Interior Andreas Geisel, said in a statement, calling it an “act of modern piracy.”" ... "At the same time, 3M said Friday that the White House ordered it to stop all shipments to Canada and Latin America of respirators that it manufactures in the United States, despite what 3M called “significant humanitarian implications.”" (<a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6775423/coroanvirus-global-face-mask-competition/">https://globalnews.ca/news/6775423/coroanvirus-global-face-mask-competition/</a>)</span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">April 3: "It is going to go away...It's going--I didn't say a date. ... I said 'it's going away' and it is going away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)<br />
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April 7: Trump announces he is "going to put a hold" on funding to the World Health Organization. He later says he had merely promised to consider doing so. (<a href="https://twitter.com/Acyn/status/1247646160069652482">https://twitter.com/Acyn/status/1247646160069652482</a>) 1,279,722 global cases, 72,614 deaths (WHO), U.S. 374,329 cases, 12,064 deaths (CDC).<br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;">April 7: Trump fires the Inspector General responsible for oversight on distribution of the $2.3 trillion COVID-19 rescue package.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;">April 7: "It did go--it will go away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)<br />
<br />April 10: "The germ has gotten so brilliant that the antibiotic can't keep up with it ... there's a whole genius to it ... not only is it hidden, but it's very smart." White House daily briefing. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, not viruses. (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1248698754556923904">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1248698754556923904</a>) 1,521,252 global cases, 92,798 deaths (WHO), U.S. 459,165 cases, 16,570 deaths (CDC).</span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">April 10: "The Invisible Enemy will soon be in full retreat!" Trump on Twitter (<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1248630671754563585">https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1248630671754563585</a>)</span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #1c1e21;">April 13: <span style="color: black;">Trump to Bob Woodward, in an interview for his new book, </span><i style="color: black;">Rage</i><span style="color: black;">: "This thing is a killer if it gets you. If you're the wrong person, you don't have a chance. ... So this rips you apart. ... It is the plague." (</span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/kylegriffin1/status/1305665212201275396">https://twitter.com/kylegriffin1/status/1305665212201275396</a>) 1,773,084 global cases, 111,652 deaths (WHO), U.S. 554,849 cases, 21,942 deaths (CDC).</div><div>
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April 14: The Trump administration halts funding of WHO pending review of its handling of COVID-19. 1,844,863 global cases, 117,021 deaths (WHO), U.S. 579,005 cases, 22,252 deaths (CDC).</span></span></span></span><br />
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April 21: 2,397,216 global cases, 162,956 deaths (WHO), U.S. 776,093 cases, 41,758 deaths (CDC).<br />
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April 23: "And then I see the disinfectant, where it knocks it out, in a minute. ... Is there a way we can do something like that? By injection, inside, or almost a cleaning, ’cause you see it gets in the lungs and it does a tremendous number on the lungs. So it would be interesting to check that. You’re going to have to use medical doctors, right? But it sounds interesting to me." (<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-suggests-injection-disinfectant-beat-coronavirus-clean-lungs-n1191216">https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-suggests-injection-disinfectant-beat-coronavirus-clean-lungs-n1191216</a>) Breitbart's attempt to save this nonsense still seems to leave it as nonsense: <a href="https://www.breitbart.com/the-media/2020/04/23/fact-check-no-trump-didnt-propose-injecting-people-with-disinfectant/">https://www.breitbart.com/the-media/2020/04/23/fact-check-no-trump-didnt-propose-injecting-people-with-disinfectant/</a> 2,544,792 global cases, 175,694 deaths (WHO), U.S. 828,441 cases, 46,379 deaths (CDC).<br />
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April 24: Trump's VP Mike Pence says, "I truly do believe that if we all continue to do that kind of social distancing and other guidance broadly from federal and state officials, that we’re going to put this coronavirus in the past ... I believe by early June we’re going to see our nation largely past this epidemic. ... I think honestly, if you look at the trends today, that I think by Memorial Day weekend [May 23-25] we will have this coronavirus epidemic behind us." (<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-24/pence-says-coronavirus-outbreak-could-be-over-by-memorial-day">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-24/pence-says-coronavirus-outbreak-could-be-over-by-memorial-day</a>) 2,626,321 global cases, 181,938 deaths (WHO), U.S. 86,585 cases, 48,816 deaths (CDC.<br />
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April 26: After a series of excuses to explain his April 23 injection comments, including that he was just being sarcastic to see what the press would do with it (which undermined Breitbart and anyone else arguing that it was serious and accurate), Trump took no questions at his April 24 briefing, did not present at all at his April 25 briefing, and canceled his briefing on April 26. 2,804,796 global cases, 193,710 deaths (WHO), U.S. 928,619 cases, 52,459 deaths (CDC). The Washington Post summed up Trump's daily coronavirus briefings: 28 hours of Trump in 35 briefings since March 16, using 60% of the time. In the past 21 days, 13 hours of Trump, of which two hours was spent attacking others, 45 minutes praising himself, and 4.5 minutes expressing condolences for coronavirus victims. In 113 of the 346 questions he has answered, he attacked someone. In 25 percent of his statements he has made false statements. He played self-praising videos three times. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/13-hours-of-trump-the-president-fills-briefings-with-attacks-and-boasts-but-little-empathy/2020/04/25/7eec5ab0-8590-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/13-hours-of-trump-the-president-fills-briefings-with-attacks-and-boasts-but-little-empathy/2020/04/25/7eec5ab0-8590-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html</a>)<div><br /></div>
April 27: Trump at press conference at the White House rose garden: "So, yeah, we’ve lost a lot of people. But if you look at what original projections were — 2.2 million — we’re probably heading to 60,000, 70,000. It’s far too many. One person is too many for this." (<a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-33/">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-33/</a>) 2,878,196 global cases, 198,668 deaths (WHO), U.S. 928,619 cases, 52,459 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>April 29: 3,018,952 global cases, 207,973 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,005,147 cases, 57,505 deaths (CDC).<br />
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April 30: The Trump administration killed the CDC's guidance document for how to safely re-open American businesses. (<a href="https://apnews.com/9c4d5284ba4769d3b98aa05232201f88">https://apnews.com/9c4d5284ba4769d3b98aa05232201f88</a>) 3,090,445 global cases, 217,769 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,031,659 cases, 60,057 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 3: "We're going to lose anywhere from 75, 80, to 100,000 people. That's a horrible thing." A moment of honesty from Trump, Fox News town hall at the Lincoln Memorial. (<a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/495905-trump-predicts-virus-death-toll-could-reach-100000-in-the-us">https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/495905-trump-predicts-virus-death-toll-could-reach-100000-in-the-us</a>) 3,349,786 global cases, 238,628 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,122,486 cases, 65,735 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 5: "I'm viewing our great citizens of this country to a certain extent and to a large extent as warriors. They're warriors. We can't keep our country closed. We have to open our country ... Will some people be badly affected? Yes." Trump at Honeywell, at a mask factory not wearing a mask, in Phoenix, Arizona. By "be badly affected" he means death and permanent damage to lungs and other organs. (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1257778264241844224">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1257778264241844224</a>) 3,517,345 global cases, 243,401 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,171,510 cases, 68,279 deaths (CDC). Today the White House National Economic Council projected U.S. deaths to drop to zero by May 16, just a day after a leaked CDC presentation projected 3,000-15,000 deaths per day by June 1.<br />
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May 5: The White House coronavirus task force aims to wind down by around Memorial Day, May 25. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/05/politics/white-house-coronavirus-task-force-winding-down/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/05/politics/white-house-coronavirus-task-force-winding-down/index.html</a>)<br />
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May 6: 3,588,773 global cases, 247,503 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,193,813 cases, 70,802 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 7: "Testing is somewhat overrated." (<a href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1258481384513056769">https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1258481384513056769</a>) 3,672,238 global cases, 254,045 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,219,066 cases, 73,297 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 8: "Katie, she tested very good for a long period of time and then all of a sudden today she tested positive. ... This is why the whole concept of tests aren't necessarily great." Regarding Pence's press secretary and Stephen Miller's wife, Katie Miller, who has tested positive for COVID-19, as did one of Trump's valets. (<a href="https://twitter.com/joshtpm/status/1258893514139668481">https://twitter.com/joshtpm/status/1258893514139668481</a>) 3,759,967 global cases, 259,474 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,248,040 cases, 75,477 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 9: Ivanka Trump's personal assistant tests positive for COVID-19. (<a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/ivanka-trump-personal-assistant-test-positive-coronavirus">https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/ivanka-trump-personal-assistant-test-positive-coronavirus</a>) 3,855,788 global cases, 265,862 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,274,036 cases, 75,477 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 14: "Don't forget, we have more cases than anybody in the world, but why? Because we do more testing. When you test, you have a case. When you test, you find something is wrong with people. If we didn't do any testing we would have very few cases. They don't want to write that. It's common sense." (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1261017121078861826">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1261017121078861826</a>) 4,248,389 global cases, 294,046 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,384,930 cases, 83,947 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>May 15: "It'll go away--at some point, it'll go away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)<br />
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May 17: 4,525,497 global cases, 307,395 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,467,065 cases, 88,709 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 19: CDC guidance for businesses which was originally intended for release on April 30 is released. The guidance for churches and religious congregations was removed. (<a href="https://twitter.com/Porter_Anderson/status/1263051970429976576">https://twitter.com/Porter_Anderson/status/1263051970429976576</a>) 4,731,458 global cases, 316,169 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,504,830 cases, 90,340 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>May 21: Trump calls for 300 million doses of vaccine to be ready by January. (<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/12/11/trump-administration-purchases-additional-100-million-doses-covid-19-investigational-vaccine-moderna.html">https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/12/11/trump-administration-purchases-additional-100-million-doses-covid-19-investigational-vaccine-moderna.html</a>)<br />
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May 23: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 5,103,006 global cases, 333,401 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,595,885 cases, 96,002 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 24: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 5,204,508 global cases, 337,687 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,622,114 cases, 97,049 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 25: 5,304,772 global cases, 342,029 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,637,456 cases, 97,669 deaths (CDC).<br />
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May 26: Trump says if he hadn't taken swift action in response to COVID-19, "we would have lost 1 1/2 to 2 Million People." (<a href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1274725458869997570">https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1274725458869997570</a>) 5,404,512 global cases, 343,514 deaths (WHO), U.S. 1,662,414 cases, 98,261 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 12: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 7,410,510 global cases, 418,294 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,016,027 cases, 113,914 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 13: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 7,553,182 global cases, 423,349 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,038,344 cases, 114,625 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 14: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 7,690,708 global cases, 427,630 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,063,812 cases, 115,271 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 15: Trump says if he hadn't taken swift action in response to COVID-19, "we would have lost possibly 2.5, 3 million people." (<a href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1274725458869997570">https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1274725458869997570</a>) 7,823,289 global cases, 431,541 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,085,769 cases, 115,644 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>June 15: "At some point, this stuff goes away. And it's going away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>June 16: Vice President Mike Pence publishes an op-ed in the <i>Wall Street Journal </i>with the headline "There Isn't a Coronavirus Second Wave." (For image: <a href="https://twitter.com/MollyJongFast/status/1419350836547932165">https://twitter.com/MollyJongFast/status/1419350836547932165</a>) Pence was mistaken. U.S. 2,104,346 cases, 116,140 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 20: Trump holds a rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Trump says if he hadn't taken swift action in response to COVID-19, "we would have had I would say probably 4 million deaths, 3 million deaths, 2 million deaths." (<a href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1274725458869997570">https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1274725458869997570</a>)<br />
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Also at Tulsa rally: "When you do testing to that extent, you're going to find more people. You're going to find more cases. So I said to my people, slow the testing down, please." (<a href="https://twitter.com/Acyn/status/1274500811486228482">https://twitter.com/Acyn/status/1274500811486228482</a>) 8,525,042 global cases, 456,973 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,215,618 cases, 119,055 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 21: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 8,708,008 global cases, 461,715 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,248,029 cases, 119,615 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 23: Questioned about his claim that he asked for testing to be slowed, which staffers had claimed was a joke, Trump stated that he wasn't joking. (<a href="https://twitter.com/weijia/status/1275422015059615750">https://twitter.com/weijia/status/1275422015059615750</a>)<br />
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On Twitter he repeated his claim that more cases are caused by more testing: "Cases are going up in the U.S. because we are testing far more than any other country, and ever expanding. With smaller testing we would show fewer cases!" (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1275381670561095682">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1275381670561095682</a>)<br />
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June 23: At the Students for Trump Rally at the Dream City Church in Phoenix, Arizona, Trump seemed not to know what the 19 in COVID-19 means: "I could give you 19 or 20 names. ...I said, 'What's the 19?' COVID-19, some people can't explain what the 19, give me, COVID-19, I said, 'That's an odd name.'" (<a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4888678/user-clip-trump-19-covid-19-means">https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4888678/user-clip-trump-19-covid-19-means</a>)<br />
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June 27: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 9,653,048 global cases, 491,128 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,459,472 cases, 124,976 deaths (CDC).<br />
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June 28: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 9,843,073 global cases, 495,760 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,504,175 cases, 125,484 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>July: Trump administration signs a deal with Pfizer for 100 million doses of its vaccine (enough for 50M people to each get two shots), but passes on an opportunity to get another 100M doses, with the result that Pfizer can't guarantee any more doses than the original 100M until after June 2021. (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/us/politics/trump-pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/us/politics/trump-pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine.html</a>)<br />
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July 1: Trump tells Fox Business that he expects the coronavirus will "just sort of disappear," as he claimed back on February 27. (<a href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1278404618511421445">https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1278404618511421445</a>) 10,357,662 global cases, 508,055 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,624,873 cases, 127,299 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 3: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 10,710,005 global cases, 517,877 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,732,531 cases, 128,648 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 5: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 11,125,245 global cases, 528,204 deaths (WHO), U.S. 2,789,678 cases, 129,305 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 9: Trump tweet: "For the 1/100th time, the reason we show so many Cases, compared to other countries that haven't done nearly as well as we have, is that our TESTING is much bigger and better. We have tested 40,000,000 people. If we did 20,000,000 instead, Cases would be half, etc. NOT REPORTED!" Trump shows that he doesn't understand what per-capita means, doesn't know what fractions are, and doesn't know when to capitalize. (<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1281206354334625793">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1281206354334625793</a>) 11,874,226 global cases, 545,481 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,047,671 cases, 132,056 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 10: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Doral, Florida. 12,102,328 global cases, 551,046 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,106,931 cases, 132,855 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 11: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 12,322,395 global cases, 556,335 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,173,212 cases, 132,666 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 12: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 12,552,765 global cases, 561,617 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,236,130 cases, 134,572 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 18: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 13,876,441 global cases, 593,087 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,630,587 cases, 138,782 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 19: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 14,043,176 global cases, 597,583 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,698,161 cases, 139,659 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>July 19: "I will be right eventually. You know, I said, 'it's going to disappear.' I'll say it again." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>July 21: In an interview with Bob Woodward for his new book, <i>Rage</i>, Trump says "The virus has nothing to do with me. It's not my fault." (<a href="https://twitter.com/gelles/status/1303748083688378368">https://twitter.com/gelles/status/1303748083688378368</a>) 14,562,550 global cases, 607,781 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,819,139 cases, 140,630 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 22: Trump on Fox News: "It makes us look bad... if instead of 50 million [tests], we did 25 million, we'd have half the number of cases." (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1286141652558643200">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1286141652558643200</a>) 14,765,256 global cases, 612,054 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,882,167 cases, 141,677 deaths (CDC). U.S. deaths have risen to over 1,000 per day again, last seen on June 26.<br />
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July 22: Trump on Fox News: "Watch: On November 4, everything will open up." (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1286144789352787969">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1286144789352787969</a>)<br />
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July 22: California passes New York for total COVID-19 cases.<br />
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July 23: "The country is in very good shape, other than if you look south and west. That will all work out." Trump press conference announcing the cancellation of the Republican National Convention activities in Jacksonville, Florida. (<a href="https://twitter.com/scottbix/status/1286421527408381957">https://twitter.com/scottbix/status/1286421527408381957</a>) 15,012,731 global cases, 619,150 deaths (WHO), U.S. 3,952,273 cases, 142,755 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 25: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. Florida passes New York for total COVID-19 cases. 15,581,009 global cases, 635,173 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,099,310 cases, 145,013 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 26: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 15,785,641 global cases, 640,016 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,163,892 cases, 145,942 deaths (CDC).<br />
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July 28: It's publicly announced that Trump has invoked the Defense Production Act to provide a $765 million loan to Kodak to allow it to start manufacturing pharmaceutical precursors, including for hydroxychloroquine, an anti-malarial drug touted by the president for COVID-19 treatment but which has been found in randomized controlled trials to be ineffective for that purpose. The primary shareholder of Kodak, Ted Suhl, a Trump supporter, was convicted of bribery charges for a Medicare scam but had his prison sentence commuted by Trump. Kodak executives were awarded stock options the day before the announcement, which caused Kodak's stock price to soar. (<a href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/kodak-pharma-stock-active-ingredient">https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/kodak-pharma-stock-active-ingredient</a>) 16,341,920 global cases, 650,805 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,280,135 cases, 147,672 deaths (CDC).<br />
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August 1: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 17,396,943 global cases, 675,060 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,542,579 cases, 152,870 deaths (CDC).<br />
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August 2: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 17,660,523 global cases, 680,894 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,601,526 cases, 154,002 deaths (CDC).<div><br /></div><div>August 3: Trump interview with Jonathan Swan airs. Trump says the U.S. is doing the best in the world with COVID-19 in "numerous categories." Swan: "Oh, you're doing death as a proportion of cases. I'm talking about death as a proportion of population. That's where the U.S. is really bad. Much worse than South Korea, Germany, etc." Trump: "You can't do that." Swan: "Why can't I do that?"(<a href="https://twitter.com/axios/status/1290497186489348096">https://twitter.com/axios/status/1290497186489348096</a>) 17,918,582 global cases, 686,703 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,649,102 cases, 154,471 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 3: From the same Swan interview: Trump: "Other countries don't test like we do, so they don't show cases." Swan: "We're testing so much because it's spread so far in America." Trump: "...Jonathan, when I took over, we didn't even have a test." Swan: "Why would you have a test? The virus didn't exist?" Full interview: <a href="https://www.axios.com/full-axios-hbo-interview-donald-trump-cd5a67e1-6ba1-46c8-bb3d-8717ab9f3cc5.html">https://www.axios.com/full-axios-hbo-interview-donald-trump-cd5a67e1-6ba1-46c8-bb3d-8717ab9f3cc5.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>August 4: Trump, who on July 28 touted his use of the Defense Production Act to lend $765 million to Kodak, now that the SEC is investigating the circumstances around Kodak's announcement of the loan and stock activity, now says "I wasn't involved in the deal." (<a href="https://twitter.com/VickyPJWard/status/1290790397065793538">https://twitter.com/VickyPJWard/status/1290790397065793538</a>) 18,142,718 global cases, 691,013 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,698,818 cases, 155,204 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 5: "This thing's going away. It will go away like things go away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>August 7: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 18,902,735 global cases, 709,511 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,858,596 cases, 158,887 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 8: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 19,187,943 global cases, 716,075 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,920,369 cases, 160,220 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 9: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 19,462,112 global cases, 722,285 deaths (WHO), U.S. 4,974,959 cases, 161,284 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 10: Trump says that the influenza pandemic of "1917" (it was in 1918, but Trump always incorrectly says 1917) probably ended World War II. (<a href="https://twitter.com/Acyn/status/1292956445944606721">https://twitter.com/Acyn/status/1292956445944606721</a>) 19,718,030 global cases, 728,013 deaths (WHO), U.S. 5,023,649 cases, 161,842 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 15: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ, as his brother dies at the age of 71. 21,026,758 global cases, 755,786 deaths (WHO), U.S. 5,285,546 cases, 167,546 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 16: Trump (possibly) plays golf at the Trump National in Bedminster, NJ. 21,294,845 global cases, 761,779 deaths (WHO), U.S. 5,340,232 cases, 166,696 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 19: "“You’re killing me! This whole thing is! We’ve got all the damn cases,” Mr. Trump yelled at Jared Kushner, his son-in-law and senior adviser, during a gathering of top aides in the Oval Office on Aug. 19. “I want to do what Mexico does. They don’t give you a test till you get to the emergency room and you’re vomiting.”" (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/31/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/31/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html</a>)<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>August 22: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 22,812,491 global cases, 795,132 deaths (WHO), U.S. 5,598,547 cases, 174,645 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br />August 23: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia, while tweeting "Happy Sunday! We want GOD!" (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/23/trump-religion-god-400250">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/23/trump-religion-god-400250</a>) 23,057,288 global cases, 800,906 deaths (WHO), U.S. 5,643,812 cases, 175,651 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 30: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia with Trey Gowdy and Jason Chaffetz. 24,854,140 global cases, 838,924 deaths (WHO), U.S. 5,934,824 cases, 182,149 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>August 31: "It's going to go away." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>September 5: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 26,468,031 global cases, 871,166 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,181,474 cases, 187,159 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 6: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 26,763,217 global cases, 876,616 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,226,879 cases, 188,051 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 9: The White House orders an end to airport screenings for travelers entering the United States--no symptom or temperature checks, nothing. (<a href="https://twitter.com/weinbergersa/status/1303750595724140550">https://twitter.com/weinbergersa/status/1303750595724140550</a>) 27,486,960 global cases, 894,983 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,310,663 cases, 189,147 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 9: Trump administration Health and Human Services science adviser Paul Alexander wrote an email to Michael Caputo, Health and Human Services public affairs chief, touting two examples where the CDC had changed wording in reports in response to his influence, to downplay the coronavirus pandemic. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/04/09/cdc-covid-political-interference/)">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/04/09/cdc-covid-political-interference/)</a></div><div><br /></div><div>September 11: Trump HHS science adviser Paul Alexander asked White House adviser Scott Atlas to help him write an op-ed "timed for the election" to oppose advice from an upcoming CDC report. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/04/09/cdc-covid-political-interference/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/04/09/cdc-covid-political-interference/</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>September 15: Trump says the pandemic will end due to "herd mentality." (<a href="https://twitter.com/RadioFreeTom/status/1306039211150237698">https://twitter.com/RadioFreeTom/status/1306039211150237698</a>) He chides Joe Biden for not implementing a nationwide mask mandate (as a private citizen?). (<a href="https://twitter.com/Olivianuzzi/status/1306038681837490176">https://twitter.com/Olivianuzzi/status/1306038681837490176</a>) 29,155,581 global cases, 926,544 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,537,627 cases, 194,092 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 15: "It is going away. And it's probably going to go away now a lot faster because of the vaccines." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>September 18: Jon Karl of ABC News: "How is it that you don't trust your own experts? Do you think you know better than they do?" Trump: "Yeah, in many cases I do." (Narrator: He doesn't.) (<a href="https://twitter.com/ABC/status/1307069420590829571">https://twitter.com/ABC/status/1307069420590829571</a>) 30,055,710 global cases, 943,433 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,656,799 cases, 197,116 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 20: Trump plays golf at the Trump National in Potomac Falls, Virginia. 30,675,675 global cases, 954,417 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,748,935 cases, 198,754 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 21: "It affects virtually nobody." (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1308209927274536961">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1308209927274536961</a>) 30,949,804 global cases, 959,116 deaths (WHO), U.S. 6,786,352 cases, 199,024 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 26: Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination event at the White House Rose Garden, at which Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT) sat, maskless, a few seats away from president of Notre Dame, Rev. John Jenkins, also maskless. Video from the event shows Sen. Lee hugging people at the event. Both reported that they tested positive for COVID-19 on Friday, October 2, as do three other attendees, Sen. Thom Tillis (R-NC), Trump campaign manager Bill Stepien, and presidential advisor Kellyanne Conway (after being outed by her daughter on TikTok). (<a href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/10/white-house-covid-cases-amy-coney-barrett-nomination-event.html">https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/10/white-house-covid-cases-amy-coney-barrett-nomination-event.html</a>) 32,429,965 global cases, 985,823 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,009,216 cases, 203,180 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 27: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 32,730,945 global cases, 991,224 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,059,087 cases, 204,033 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>September 30: Hope Hicks, senior counselor to the president, reports symptoms of COVID-19 while flying on Air Force One to Trump's rally in Minnesota. She tests positive for COVID-19 the morning of October 1, which is publicly reported in the afternoon. Republican National Committee chairwoman Ronna McDaniel also tests positive for COVID-19, publicly reported on October 2, after the president's report. 33,502,430 global cases, 1,004,421 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,168,077 cases, 205,372 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 1: Trump attends a fundraiser at his golf club in New Jersey, possibly while knowing he was COVID-19 infected. He said on Fox News on Thursday evening that he was still awaiting test results, but we now know he already had a positive result from a rapid test when he said that. (<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813">https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813</a>) 33,842,281 global cases, 1,010,634 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,213,419 cases, 206,402 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 1: Trump possibly plays golf at the Trump National, Bedminister, New Jersey.</div><div><br /></div><div>October 2: President Donald Trump and his wife Melania both report positive test results for COVID-19. Trump's former White House doctor, Ronny Jackson, tweets that Trump is "asymptotic" [sic], but the White House reports that he has mild symptoms including lethargy, but within hours reports more symptoms, and the fact that Trump has been given a maximum dose of an experimental antibody drug treatment from Regeneron (on Thursday evening, Oct 1). Trump goes to Walter Reed Hospital in the afternoon. 34,161,721 global cases, 1,016,918 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,260,465 cases, 207,302 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 3: Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI), chairman of the Senate Homeland Security committee, reports that he has also tested positive for COVID-19 (but was not in attendance at the Saturday Rose Garden event). White House physician Dr. Sean Conley stated that we are "72 hours" into Trump's diagnosis and "48 hours" into treatment, which implies he knew he was positive on the morning of September 30, not on October 1 or 2. A White House official subsequently "clarified" saying that he meant 3 days (i.e., >48 hours), not 72 hours, and 2 days (i.e., >24 hours), not 48 hours.</div><div><br /></div><div>October 8: Fox Business host Maria Bartiromo: "Do you feel that you are contagious?" Trump: "I don't think I'm contagious at all." (He is almost certainly still contagious.) (<a href="https://twitter.com/karentravers/status/1314175678271586305">https://twitter.com/karentravers/status/1314175678271586305</a>) 35,659,007 global cases, 1,044,269 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,475,262 cases, 210,232 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 8: Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar says the Trump administration hopes to have 100 million doses of vaccine (for 50 million people) ready by the end of the year. This quantity was later reduced to 40 million doses for 20 million people. (<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/speeches/2020-speeches/secretary-azar-delivers-remarks-operation-warp-speed-goldman-sachs-healthcare-virtual-event.html">https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/speeches/2020-speeches/secretary-azar-delivers-remarks-operation-warp-speed-goldman-sachs-healthcare-virtual-event.html</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>October 10: "It's going to disappear, it is disappearing." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>October 15: Trump possibly plays golf at the Trump National, Doral, Florida. 38,394,169 global cases, 1,089,047 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,894,768 cases, 216,025 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 16: Trump possibly plays golf at the Trump National, Doral, Florida. 38,789,204 global cases, 1,095,097 deaths (WHO), U.S. 7,958,254 cases, 216,917 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 23: "We're rounding the corner beautifully." (<a href="https://twitter.com/JDiamond1/status/1319801872513929216">https://twitter.com/JDiamond1/status/1319801872513929216</a>) 41,570,883 global cases, 1,134,940 deaths (WHO), U.S. 8,387,047 cases, 222,447 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 24: At rally in Lumberton, NC: "That's all I hear about now. Turn on TV, 'Covid, Covid, Covid Covid Covid.' A plane goes down, 500 people dead, they don't talk about it. 'Covid Covid Covid Covid.' By the way, on November 4th, you won't hear about it anymore ... 'please don't go and vote, Covid!'" What Trump describes regarding a plane crash not being reported has never happened, but COVID-19 is killing twice that many people every day in the United States. About 309 people have died in airplane and helicopter crashes globally so far in 2020; the most recent single plane crash with more than 500 fatalities was the worst such crash ever, and it occurred in August 12, 1985, Japan Air Lines Flight 123 from Tokyo to Osaka. (<a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1320053682759663622">https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1320053682759663622</a>) 41,570,883 global cases, 1,134,940 deaths (WHO), U.S. 8,469,976 cases, 223,393 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>October 24: "It is going away; it's rounding the turn." (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444">https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-about-2020-451444</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>November 3: The U.S. presidential election occurs, with an all-time high voter turnout. 46,840,783 global cases, 1,204,028 deaths (WHO), U.S. 9,268,818 cases, 230,893 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 7: It becomes clear that Joe Biden has won more than 270 electoral votes and will be the next U.S. president. Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 49,106,931 global cases, 1,239,157 deaths (WHO), U.S. 9,714,600 cases, 235,475 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 8: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 49,578,590 global cases, 1,245,717 deaths (WHO), U.S. 9,808,411 cases, 236,547 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 13: It has become mathematically impossible for Trump to win in Arizona, and it is now clear that the election result is 306 electoral votes to Biden and 232 for Trump, the same margin in electoral votes that Trump had over Hillary Clinton in 2016 that he called a "landslide" (it's not, but it's not particularly close, either). The big difference is that Biden also won the popular vote by millions of votes, and the total margin in the swing states is larger for Biden than it was for Trump in 2016. 52,487,476 global cases, 1,290,653 deaths (WHO), U.S. 10,508,864 cases, 242,216 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 14: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 53,164,303 global cases, 1,300,576 deaths (WHO), U.S. 10,690,665 cases, 243,580 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 15: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 53,766,728 global cases, 1,308,975 deaths (WHO), U.S. 10,846,373 cases, 244,810 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 21: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 57,274,018 global cases, 1,368,000 deaths (WHO), U.S. 11,843,490 cases, 253,600 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 22: Trump possibly plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 57,882,183 global cases, 1,377,395 deaths (WHO), U.S. 12,028,081 cases, 255,076 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 26: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 60,074,174 global cases, 1,416,292 deaths (WHO), U.S. 12,498,734 cases, 259,005 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 27: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 60,534,526 global cases, 1,426,101 deaths (WHO), U.S. 12,823,092 cases, 262,673 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>November 28: Trump possibly plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 61,299,371 global cases, 1,439,784 deaths (WHO), U.S. 12,999,664 cases, 263,956 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 5: Trump holds a "victory rally" in Valdosta, Georgia, a misinformation-filled rally in state he lost to Joe Biden. 65,257,767 global cases, 1,513,179 deaths (WHO), U.S. 14,255,535 cases, 277,825 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 10: U.S. sets a new record for daily new cases (+231,396) and a new record for daily new deaths (+3,411). 68,165,877 global cases, 1,557,385 deaths (WHO), U.S. 15,271,571 cases, 288,762 deaths.</div><div><br /></div><div>December 11: The Trump administration purchases an additional 100 million doses of the Moderna vaccine (bringing the total to 200 million doses for this vaccine). (<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/12/11/trump-administration-purchases-additional-100-million-doses-covid-19-investigational-vaccine-moderna.html">https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/12/11/trump-administration-purchases-additional-100-million-doses-covid-19-investigational-vaccine-moderna.html</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>December 12: U.S. sets a new record for daily new cases (+244,011), beating the record set on December 10. 69,808,588 global cases, 1,588,854 deaths (WHO), U.S. 15,718,811 cases, 294,535 deaths.</div><div><br /></div><div>December 13: Trump plays golf at the Trump National, Potomac Falls, Virginia. 70,461,926 global cases, 1,599,704 deaths (WHO), U.S. 15,932,116 cases, 296,818 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 14: The electoral college votes, electing Joe Biden as president, 306 votes to Trump's 232. 71,051,805 global cases, 1,608,648 deaths (WHO), U.S. 16,113,148 cases, 298,266 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 17: U.S. sets a new record for daily new deaths (+3,435), beating the record set on December 10. 72,851,747 global cases, 1,643,339 deaths (WHO), U.S. 16,756,581 cases, 306,427 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 18: U.S. sets a new record for daily new deaths (+3,444), beating the record set December 17. [no WHO data update on dashboard], U.S. 16,987,911 cases, 309,880 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 19: U.S. sets a new record for daily new cases (+403,359), beating the record set on December 12. 74,299,042 global cases, 1,669,982 deaths (WHO), U.S. 17,391,270 cases, 312,636 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br />December 24: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida. 77,530,799 global cases, 1,724,904 deaths (WHO), U.S. 18,391,571 cases, 325,096 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 25: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida. 78,194,947 global cases, 1,736,752 deaths (WHO), U.S. 18,584,924 cases, 327,900 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 27: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida. 79,232,555 global cases, 1,754,493 deaths (WHO), U.S. 18,909,910 cases, 330,901 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 28: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida. 79,673,754 global cases, 1,761,381 deaths (WHO), U.S. 19,055,869 cases, 332,246 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 30: Trump plays golf at the Trump International, West Palm Beach, Florida. 80,773,033 global cases, 1,783,619 deaths (WHO), U.S. 19,432,125 cases, 337,419 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>December 31: The year ends with only about 2.6 million doses of vaccine administered, against the administration's goal of 20 million doses, largely due to failure to fund the "last mile" of distribution. (<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/30/coronavirus-vaccine-target-trump-452558">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/30/coronavirus-vaccine-target-trump-452558</a>) 81,475,053 global cases, 1,798,050 deaths (WHO), U.S. 19,663,976 cases, 341,199 deaths (CDC). The U.S. sets a new record for COVID-19 deaths in a single day, 3,764.</div><div><br /></div><div>January 6, 2021: As Congress begins counting the electoral votes, Donald Trump gives a speech to a gathering crowd which incites them to storm the U.S. Capitol and break in and vandalize it, causing Congress to recess during the very beginning of debate over Rep. Paul Gosar's (R-AZ) baseless objection to the electoral votes of Arizona. Five people died in the melee -- one woman was shot in the chest inside the Capitol, three died from "medical emergencies," and a Capitol Police officer dies from injuries inflicted by the crowd. (Another Capitol Police officer commits suicide days later.) Congress reconvened in the evening and confirmed early the next morning that Joe Biden won the electoral college vote, 306-232. 81,810,000 global cases, 1,854,195 deaths (WHO), U.S. 20,960,096 cases, 356,005 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>January 13, 2021: The House votes to impeach Trump a second time, 232-197, with 10 Republicans including #3 Republican in the House, Liz Cheney, voting to impeach. U.S. 22,740,142 cases, 379,255 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>January 15, 2021: The Trump administration vows to release a reserve of additional doses of vaccine so that states can use held-back second doses as first doses for more people, but it turns out the reserve didn't exist. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/15/trump-vaccine-reserve-used-up/)">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/15/trump-vaccine-reserve-used-up/)</a> U.S. 23,193,703 cases, 387,255 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>Some date in January prior to January 20, 2021: Donald and Melania Trump are secretly vaccinated against COVID-19 at the White House. This is not made public until March 1, 2021. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/01/politics/trump-melania-vaccinated-white-house/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/01/politics/trump-melania-vaccinated-white-house/index.html</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>January 20, 2021: Joseph R. Biden Jr. was sworn in as the 47th U.S. president, and spent the afternoon signing executive orders including rejoining the World Health Organization. On his first day in office (Jan 21) he rolled out a national coronavirus plan which included a goal to administer 100 million vaccinations in the next 100 days. (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/politics/biden-national-coronavirus-plan/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/politics/biden-national-coronavirus-plan/index.html</a>) U.S. 24,876,261 cases, 400,306 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>January 27, 2021: <i>The Washington Post</i> reported that "Federal officials repeatedly raided a fund earmarked for biomedical research in the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic, spending millions of dollars on unrelated salaries, administrative expenses, and even the cost of removing office furniture, according to the findings of an investigation int a whistleblower complaint" shared with the <i>Post</i>. The funds were taken from hundreds of millions of dollars for vaccine and drug research by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), which Health and Human Services officials in the office of the assistant secretary for preparedness and response (Dr. Nicole Lurie, June 2009-January 2017) at HHS referred to as the "bank of BARDA." The whistleblower reports not seeing such misuse under Lurie's predecessor as assistant secretary for preparedness and response. (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/27/barda-health-funds-misappropiated/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/27/barda-health-funds-misappropiated/</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>February 6, 2021: The U.S. Senate votes to acquit Donald Trump a second time, on incitement of insurrection, 57-43, in a bipartisan majority that failed by 10 votes to reach 2/3. 7 Republican Senators voted with the majority. Trump's impeachment trials were the third and fourth impeachment trials of a U.S. president; he is the first president to be impeached twice and the first president to receive bipartisan votes to convict in a Senate impeachment trial.</div><div><br /></div><div>July 4, 2021: The U.S. falls short of President Biden's call for 70% of Americans to be vaccinated by July 4, not due to unavailability of vaccine but due to Republican resistance to getting vaccinated. About 67% of the adult U.S. population has been vaccinated. (<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-covid-19-vaccine-goal-missed/">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-covid-19-vaccine-goal-missed/</a>) 183,560,151 global cases, 3,978,581 deaths (WHO, July 5), U.S. 33,530,880 cases, 603,018 deaths (CDC).</div><div><br /></div><div>May 11, 2023: The Centers for Disease Control marks the end of the COVID-19 public health emergency. (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/end-of-phe.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/end-of-phe.html</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>July 21, 2023: President Joe Biden appoints retired Maj. Gen. Paul Friedrichs to move from his role leading global health security and biodefense at the White House National Security Council to lead a new Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy in the Executive Office of the President. (<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-selects-retired-general-lead-new-pandemic-response-office-rcna95577">https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-selects-retired-general-lead-new-pandemic-response-office-rcna95577</a>)</div><div>
<br />
Also see:<br />
<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/26/trumps-coronavirus-commentary-pollyannaish-downright-false/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/26/trumps-coronavirus-commentary-pollyannaish-downright-false/</a><br />
<br />
And:<br />
<a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/03/11/fact-check-a-list-of-28-ways-trump-and-his-team-have-been-dishonest-about-the-coronavirus/">https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/03/11/fact-check-a-list-of-28-ways-trump-and-his-team-have-been-dishonest-about-the-coronavirus/</a>
<br />
<br />
And:<br />
<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/03/trumps-lies-about-coronavirus/608647/">https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/03/trumps-lies-about-coronavirus/608647/</a><br />
<br />
And: Linda Qiu, "Analyzing the Patterns in Trump's Falsehoods About Coronavirus"<br />
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html</a><br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;">And: Ryan Goodman and Danielle Schulkin, <i>Just Security</i>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/69650/timeline-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-and-u-s-response/">Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic and U.S. Response</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;">And: Eric Lipton, David Sanger, et al., <i>New York Times</i>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html">"He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus"</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;">And: Garrett Graff, <i>Wired</i>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/an-oral-history-of-the-pandemic-warnings-trump-ignored/">"An Oral History of the Pandemic Warnings Trump Ignored"</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;"><span style="color: #1c1e21;">And: Quinta Jurecic and Benjamin Wittes, <i>The Atlantic</i>, <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-contains-multitudes/610300/">"What's So Hard to Understand About What Trump Has Said? A clarifying look at the president's response to coronavirus, in his own words"</a></span></span></span></span><br />
And: Daniel Dale and Christopher Hickey, CNN, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/04/politics/trump-rising-coronavirus-death-estimates/index.html">"Timeline: Tracking Trump's rising coronavirus death toll estimates"</a><br />
<br />
And: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_post-election_Donald_Trump_rallies#2020_campaign_rallies">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_post-election_Donald_Trump_rallies#2020_campaign_rallies</a><br />
<br />
And: <a href="https://trumpgolfcount.com/displayoutings">https://trumpgolfcount.com/displayoutings</a><br />
<br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-38041232835299381722020-01-01T07:51:00.000-07:002020-01-11T08:40:30.711-07:00Books read in 2019<div style="margin: 0px;">
Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2019.<br />
<ul>
<li>Graham T. Allison, <i>Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap?</i></li>
<li>Ross Anderson, <i><a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html">Security Engineering</a></i> (3rd edition, draft chapters)</li>
<li>Herbert Asbury, <i>The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld</i></li>
<li>Heidi Blake, <i>From Russia with Blood: The Kremlin's Ruthless Assassination Program and Vladimir Putin's Secret War on the West</i></li>
<li>Rutger Bregman, <i>Utopia for Realists: How We Can Build the Ideal World</i></li>
<li>Oliver Bullough, <i>Moneyland: The Inside Story of the Crooks and Kleptocrats Who Rule the World</i></li>
<li>Bryan Caplan and Zach Weinersmith, <i>Open Borders: The Science and Ethics of Immigration</i></li>
<li>C.J. Chivers, <i>The Fighters: Americans in Combat</i></li>
<li>Sefton Delmer, <i>Black Boomerang</i></li>
<li>Nina J. Easton, <i>Gang of Five: Leaders at the Center of the Conservative Crusade</i> (bio of Bill Kristol, Ralph Reed, Clint Bolick, Grover Norquist, and David McIntosh)</li>
<li>Ronan Farrow, <i>Catch and Kill: Lies, Spies, and a Conspiracy to Protect Predators</i></li>
<li>Ronan Farrow, <i>War on Peace: The End of Diplomacy and the Decline of American Influence</i></li>
<li>Ian Frisch, <i>Magic is Dead: My Journey into the World's Most Secretive Society of Magicians</i></li>
<li>Anand Giridharadas, <i>Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World</i></li>
<li>Reba Wells Grandrud, <i>Sunnyslope</i> (Images of America series)</li>
<li>Andy Greenberg, <i>Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most Dangerous Hackers</i></li>
<li>Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey, <i>She Said: Breaking the Sexual Harassment Story That Helped Ignite a Movement</i></li>
<li>Stephen Kinzer, <i>Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq</i></li>
<li>Michael Lewis, <i>Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt</i></li>
<li>Jonathan Lusthaus, <i>Industry of Anonymity: Inside the Business of Cybercrime</i></li>
<li>Ben MacIntyre, <i>A Spy Among Friends: Kim Philby and the Great Betrayal</i></li>
<li>Joseph Menn, <i>Cult of the Dead Cow: How the Original Hacking Supergroup Might Just Save the World</i></li>
<li>Anna Merlan, <i>Republic of Lies: American Conspiracy Theorists and Their Surprising Rise to Power</i></li>
<li>Jefferson Morley, <i>Our Man in Mexico: Winston Scott and the Hidden History of the CIA</i></li>
<li>Sarah T. Roberts, <i>Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media</i></li>
<li>Hans Rosling, with Ola Rosling and Anna Rosling Rönnlund, <i>Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World--and Why Things Are Better Than You Think</i></li>
<li>Russell Shorto, <i>Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City</i></li>
<li>Alexander Stille,<i> <i>The Sack of Rome: Media + Money + Celebrity = Power = Silvio Berlusconi</i></i></li>
<li>Jamie Susskind, <i>Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech</i></li>
<li>Erik Van De Sandt, <i><a href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/theses/deviant-security(5159c595-b3a6-4908-8054-aadc3d948ebb).html">Deviant Security: The Technical Computer Security Practices of Cyber Criminals</a></i> (Ph.D. thesis)</li>
<li>Tom Wolfe, <i>The Right Stuff</i></li>
<li>Tim Wu, <i>The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads</i></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<ul>
</ul>
Top for 2019: Bullough, Farrow (Catch and Kill), Wu, Chivers, Rosling, Greenberg, Blake, Allison, Caplan and Weinersmith, Kinzer, Delmer.<br />
<br />
I started the following books I expect to finish in early 2020:<br />
<br />
Myke Cole, <i>Legion versus Phalanx: The Epic Struggle for Infantry Supremacy in the Ancient World</i><br />
Walter LaFeber, <i>Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America</i> (2nd edition)<br />
Brad Smith and Carol Anne Browne, <i>Tools and Weapons: The Promise and Peril of the Digital Age</i><br />
Peter H. Wilson, <i>The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History</i><br />
<br />
Two books I preordered and look forward to reading in 2020:<br />
<br />
Anna Wiener, <i>Uncanny Valley: A Memoir</i> (due out January 14)<br />
Thomas Rid, <i>Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare</i> (due out April 21)<br />
<br />
(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/01/books-read-in-2018.html">2018</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/books-read-in-2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.)</div>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-80139754057964994402019-12-12T10:24:00.001-07:002019-12-12T10:27:22.520-07:00CIA torture programIt was interesting to go back through the <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/torture">old posts on this blog about the CIA torture program</a> in light of the new film, The Report, which can be seen on Amazon Prime.<br />
<br />
One of <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/08/inside-cias-secret-prisons.html">the early posts on this blog resulted in a debate in the comments about the ethics and efficacy of torture</a>, which <a href="https://fas.org/irp/congress/2014_rpt/ssci-rdi.pdf">the 2014 Senate torture report</a> (PDF link) and the film resolve decisively against torture. The CIA torture program was ineffective and unethical.<br />
<br />
Jeremy Scahill's <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/12/11/we-tortured-some-folks-the-reports-daniel-jones-on-the-ongoing-fight-to-hold-the-cia-accountable/">interview with Daniel Jones about the CIA program and the Senate investigations and report</a> is quite illuminating, and highly recommended listening, as is <a href="https://www.topic.com/the-report-podcast">the podcast associated with the film</a>.<br />
<br />
A couple other items of interest:<br />
<br />
Jason Leopold's <a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/43mvkn/the-google-search-that-made-the-cia-spy-on-the-us-senate">exposure of an accidentally leaked draft letter from John Brennan to Dianne Feinstein apologizing for hacking the Senate investigation</a>.<br />
<br />
Senator Mark Udall's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qk3ut21ksJ0">questioning of CIA general counsel Caroline Krass during her Senate confirmation hearing</a>.<br />
<br />
<i>New York Times</i> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/books/review/john-rizzos-company-man.html">book review of Frank Rizzo's memoir, <i>Company Man</i></a>, which confirms that George W. Bush was not briefed on the torture program but was a "stand-up guy" by lying and claiming that he was.Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-29665927314668875912019-06-08T15:27:00.000-07:002019-06-08T15:29:17.891-07:00The Phoenix Lights, 1945From <a href="https://johnkeelingmedia.blog/2019/01/15/venus-attacks-and-japanese-fu-go-balloon-bombs/">John Keeling</a>, by way of the May 2019 <i>Fortean Times</i> (p. 28):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #111111; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">In 1945 a jittery American public was mistaking Venus for Japan’s FU-GO balloon bombs on an alarmingly regular basis. 9,000 of the 30 ft balloons with incendiary bomb payloads had been launched against the US in the hope of causing large-scale forest fires and spreading terror.</span><span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #111111; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">...</span><span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #111111; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">On June 6</span><sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #f1f1f1; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup><span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #111111; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">, Phoenix and several other Arizona communities had their first ‘Jap balloon’ panic. Telephone lines to the press, police department, sheriff’s office and weather bureau were reportedly jammed.</span><span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #111111; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">...</span><span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #111111; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Luke Field and Williams Field fliers, checking the object from planes, were able to report back definitely that there was no balloon where reported. And Phoenix Junior college’s 5 inch refractor telescope clearly identified the object as Venus. According to the Associated Press, Tucson had the same experience, with Davis-Monthan fliers being ‘sent to cut down the invader.’</span></blockquote>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-90977944099259882272019-01-01T09:16:00.000-07:002019-01-01T09:16:50.050-07:00Books read in 2018<div style="margin: 0px;">
Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2018.<br />
<ul>
<li>Charles Arthur, <i>Cyber Wars: Hacks that Shocked the Business World</i></li>
<li>Radley Balko and Tucker Carrington, <i>The Cadaver King and the Country Dentist: A True Story of Injustice in the American South</i></li>
<li>Mary Beard, <i>SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome</i></li>
<li>Yochai Benkler, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts, <i>Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics</i></li>
<li>Ronen Bergman, <i>Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations</i></li>
<li>Rebecca Burns and David Dayen, <i>Fat Cat: The Steve Mnuchin Story</i></li>
<li>John Carreyrou, <i>Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup</i></li>
<li>Graydon Carter, George Kalogerakis, and Kurt Andersen, <i>Spy: The Funny Years</i></li>
<li>Stephen Ellis, <i>This Present Darkness: A History of Nigerian Organized Crime</i></li>
<li>Jason Fagone, <i>The Woman Who Smashed Codes: A True Story of Love, Spies, and the Unlikely Heroine Who Outwitted America's Enemies</i></li>
<li>Paul French, <i>City of Devils: The Two Men Who Ruled the Underworld of Old Shanghai</i></li>
<li>Diego Gambetta, <i>Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate</i></li>
<li>Robert M. Gates, <i>Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War</i></li>
<li>Atul Gawande, <i>Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End</i></li>
<li>David Golumbia, <i>The Politics of Bitcoin: Software as Right-Wing Extremism</i></li>
<li>Richards J. Heuer Jr. and Randolph H. Pherson, <i>Structured Analytic Techniques for Intelligence Analysis</i></li>
<li>Michael Isikoff and David Corn, <i>Russian Roulette: The Inside Story of Putin's War on America and the Election of Donald Trump</i></li>
<li>Sarah Jeong, <i>The Internet of Garbage</i></li>
<li>Steven Johnson, <i>Farsighted: How We Make the Decisions That Matter the Most</i></li>
<li>Louise M. Kaiser and Randolph H. Pherson, <i>Analytic Writing Guide</i></li>
<li>Chuck Klosterman, <i>But What If We're Wrong?: Thinking About the Present As If It Were the Past</i></li>
<li>Susan Landau, <i>Listening In: Cybersecurity in an Insecure Age</i></li>
<li>Peter T. Leeson, <i>WTF?! An Economic Tour of the Weird</i></li>
<li>Jeffrey Lewis, <i>The 2020 Commission Report on the North Korean Nuclear Attacks Against the United States</i></li>
<li>Michael Lewis, <i>The Fifth Risk</i></li>
<li>Liliana Mason, <i>Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity</i></li>
<li>Nick Mason, <i>Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd</i> (new updated 2017 edition)</li>
<li>Tim Maurer, <i>Cyber Mercenaries: The State, Hackers, and Power</i></li>
<li>Jefferson Morley, <i>The Ghost: The Secret Life of CIA Spymaster James Jesus Angleton</i></li>
<li>Roger Naylor, <i>The Amazing Kolb Brothers of Grand Canyon</i></li>
<li>Helen Nissenbaum, <i>Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life</i></li>
<li>Ellen Pao, <i>Reset: My Fight for Inclusion and Lasting Change</i></li>
<li>Dana Richards, editor, <i>Dear Martin/Dear Marcello: Gardner and Truzzi on Skepticism</i></li>
<li>Louis Rossetto, <i>Change Is Good: A Story of the Heroic Era of the Internet</i> (1st edition, #1453, Kickstarter)</li>
<li>David E. Sanger, <i>The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age</i></li>
<li>Eli Saslow, <i>Rising Out of Hatred: The Awakening of a Former White Nationalist</i></li>
<li>Harold Schechter, <i>The Pirate</i> (Amazon Prime Reading "Bloodlands Collection")</li>
<li>Harold Schechter, <i>Little Slaughterhouse on the Prairie</i> (Amazon Prime Reading "Bloodlands Collection")</li>
<li>Harold Schechter, <i>The Brick Slayer</i> (Amazon Prime Reading "Bloodlands Collection")</li>
<li>Harold Schechter, <i>Panic</i> (Amazon Prime Reading "Bloodlands Collection")</li>
<li>Harold Schechter, <i>Rampage</i> (Amazon Prime Reading "Bloodlands Collection")</li>
<li>Harold Schechter, <i>The Pied Piper</i> (Amazon Prime Reading "Bloodlands Collection")</li>
<li>Natasha Dow Schüll, <i>Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas</i></li>
<li>Kevin Simler and Robin Hanson, <i>The Elephant in the Brain: Hidden Motives in Everyday Life</i></li>
<li>P.W. Singer and Emerson T. Brooking, <i>LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media</i></li>
<li>Ali Soufan, <i>Anatomy of Terror: From the Death of Bin Laden to the Rise of the Islamic State</i></li>
<li>Robert Timberg, <i>The Nightingale's Song</i> (bio of John McCain, James Webb, Oliver North, Robert McFarlane, and John Poindexter)</li>
<li>Mick West, <i>Escaping the Rabbit Hole: How to Debunk Conspiracy Theories Using Facts, Logic, and Respect</i></li>
<li>Rick Wilson, <i>Everything Trump Touches Dies: A Republican Strategist Gets Real About the Worst President Ever</i></li>
<li>Michael Wolff, <i>Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House</i></li>
<li>Bob Woodward, <i>Fear: Trump in the White House</i></li>
<li>Tim Wu, <i>The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age</i></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
I made some progress on a few other books:<br />
<ul>
<li>Herbert Asbury, <i>The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld</i> (will probably finish today)</li>
<li>Andrew Jaquith, <i>Security Metrics: Replacing Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt</i></li>
<li>Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, <i>Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking</i></li>
</ul>
Top for 2018: Singer and Brooking, Bergman, Balko and Carrington, Gawande, Carreyrou, Sanger, Simler and Hanson, Soufan, Isikoff and Corn, Fagone, French, Schüll, Michael Lewis, Mason, Benkler et al., West, Wu, Saslow, Naylor. I didn't care for the Klosterman book at all--quick read, but a waste of time.<br />
<br />
(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/books-read-in-2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.)</div>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-72264304632079545332018-01-01T08:24:00.000-07:002018-01-01T08:29:48.474-07:00Books read in 2017<div style="margin: 0px;">
Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2017. Items with hyperlinks are linked directly to the item online (usually PDF, some of these are reports rather than books, though I've made no attempt to collect all papers, blog posts, and reports I read here), with no paywall or fee.<br />
<ul>
<li>Lilian Ablon, Andy Bogart, <i><a href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1751.html">Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits</a></i></li>
<li>Ben Buchanan, <i>The Cybersecurity Dilemma: Hacking, Trust and Fear Between Nations</i></li>
<li>J.D. Chandler, <i>Hidden History of Portland, Oregon</i></li>
<li>Ted Conover, <i>Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing</i></li>
<li>Richard A. Clarke and R.P. Eddy, <i>Warnings: Finding Cassandras to Stop Catastrophes</i></li>
<li>Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby, <i>Only Humans Need Apply: Winners & Losers in the Age of Smart Machines</i></li>
<li>Mike Edison, <i>Dirty, Dirty, Dirty: Of Playboys, Pigs, and Penthouse Paupers--An American Tale of Sex and Wonder</i></li>
<li>FINRA, <i><a href="https://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/FINRA_Blockchain_Report.pdf">Distributed Ledger Technology: Implications of Blockchain for the Securities Industry</a></i></li>
<li>Al Franken, <i>Al Franken, Giant of the Senate</i></li>
<li>David Gerard, <i>Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts</i></li>
<li>Joscelyn Godwin, <i>Upstate Cauldron: Eccentric Spiritual Movements in Early New York State</i></li>
<li>Jonathan Goldsmith, <i>Stay Interesting: I Don't Always Tell Stories About My Life, But When I Do They're True and Amazing</i></li>
<li>Heidi Grant Halvorson, <i>No One Understands You: And What To Do About It</i></li>
<li>Jon Lindsay, Tai Ming Cheung, and Derek S. Reveron, editors, <i>China and Cybersecurity: Espionage, Strategy, and Politics in the Digital Domain</i></li>
<li>William MacAskill, <i>Doing Good Better: Effective Altruism and How You Can Make a Difference</i></li>
<li>Jane Mayer, <i>Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right</i></li>
<li>Nick Middleton, <i>An Atlas of Countries That Don't Exist: A Compendium of Fifty Unrecognized and Largely Unnoticed States</i></li>
<li>Kevin Mitnick, <i>The Art of Invisibility: The World's Most Famous Hacker Teaches You How to Be Safe in the Age of Big Brother and Big Data</i></li>
<li>Andrew Monaghan, <a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Russia%20and%20Eurasia/0413pp_monaghan.pdf">"The New Russian Foreign Policy Concept: Evolving Continuity,"</a> Chatham House, 2013 (PDF)</li>
<li>Milton Mueller, <i>Will the Internet Fragment? Sovereignty, Globalization and Cyberspace</i></li>
<li>Tom Nichols, <i>The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters</i></li>
<li>David Ronfeldt, <i><a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR461.pdf">Beware the Hubris-Nemesis Complex: A Concept for Leadership Analysis</a></i></li>
<li>Thomas Rid, <i>Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History</i></li>
<li>Gabriel Sherman, <i>The Loudest Voice in the Room: How the Brilliant, Bombastic Roger Ailes Built Fox News--and Divided a Country</i></li>
<li>Doug Stanhope, <i>Digging Up Mother: A Love Story</i></li>
<li>Doug Stanhope, <i>This Is Not Fame: A "From What I Re-Memoir"</i></li>
<li>Charles Stross, <i>Halting State</i></li>
<li>Charles Stross, <i>Rule 34</i></li>
<li>Sarah Vowell, <i>Unfamiliar Fishes</i></li>
<li>Timothy Walton, <i>Challenges in Intelligence Analysis: Lessons from 1300 BCE to the Present</i></li>
<li>Kristan J. Wheaton and Melonie K. Richey, <i>Strawman</i></li>
<li>Ilya Zaslavskiy, <i><a href="https://www.hudson.org/research/13875-how-non-state-actors-export-kleptocratic-norms-to-the-west">How Non-State Actors Export Kleptocratic Norms to the West</a></i> (PDF)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
I may or may not have made progress on a few other books (first four from 2017, next two from 2016, one from 2015, next three from 2014, next three from 2013, last two still not finished from 2012--I have trouble with e-books, especially very long nonfiction e-books):<br />
<ul>
<li>Helen Nissenbaum, <i>Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life</i></li>
<li>Dana Richards, editor, <i>Dear Martin/Dear Marcello: Gardner and Truzzi on Skepticism</i></li>
<li>Richards J. Heuer, Jr., <i>Structured Analytics Techniques for Intelligence Analysis</i></li>
<li>Louis M. Kaiser, <i>Analytic Writing Guide</i></li>
<li>Andreas Antonopoulos, <i>Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies</i> (now 2nd ed)</li>
<li>Robert M. Gates, <i>Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War</i></li>
<li>John Searle, <i>Making the Social World</i></li>
<li>Andrew Jaquith, <i>Security Metrics: Replacing Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt</i></li>
<li>Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry, <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i></li>
<li>Steven Pinker, <i>The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century</i></li>
<li>Richard Bejtlich, <i>The Practice of Network Security Monitoring</i></li>
<li>James Grimmelmann, <i>Internet Law: Cases & Problems</i> (v2; v3 is out now)</li>
<li>Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, <i>Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking</i></li>
<li>Mark Dowd, John McDonald, and Justin Schuh, <i>The Art of Software Security Assessment: Identifying and Avoiding Software Vulnerabilities</i></li>
<li>Michal Zalewski, <i>The Tangled Web: A Guide to Securing Modern Web Applications</i></li>
</ul>
Top for 2017: Rid, Buchanan, Sherman, Mayer, Clarke and Eddy, Conover, Middleton.<br />
<br />
I completed three Coursera courses in 2017, two of which I recommend:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>University of Michigan, <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/mindware/home/welcome">Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age</a> (psychology, statistics, and philosophy; a companion to Richard E. Nisbett's book, <i>Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking</i> which I read last year; the course is taught by Nisbett)</li>
<li>Universiteit Leiden, <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/changing-global-order/home/welcome">The Changing Global Order</a> (international relations theory and history)</li>
</ul>
<br />
(Previously: <a href="https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/books-read-in-2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.)</div>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-14128327404380964202017-03-12T15:58:00.002-07:002018-02-02T12:20:04.706-07:00Rep. Tom Graves' Active Cyber Defense Certainty ActRep. Tom Graves (R-GA14) has circulated <a href="https://tomgraves.house.gov/uploadedfiles/discussion_draft_ac-dc_act.pdf">a draft bill, the "Active Cyber Defense Certainty Act"</a> (or ACDC Act), which amends the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 USC 1030) to legalize certain forms of "hacking back" for the purposes of collecting information about an attacker in order to facilitate criminal prosecution or other countermeasures.<br />
<br />
The bill as it currently stands is not a good bill, for the following reasons:<br />
<br />
1. It ignores the recommendations in a recent report, <a href="https://cchs.gwu.edu/gray-zone-active-defense-private-sector-against-cyber-threats">"Into the Gray Zone: Active Defense by the Private Sector Against Cyber Threats,"</a> from the Center for Cyber & Homeland Security at the George Washington University. This report distinguishes between low-risk active defense activities within the boundaries of the defender's own network, such as the use of deceptive technology (honeypots, honeynets, tarpitting), the use of beaconing technology to provide notifications in case of intrusions, and research in deep and dark web underground sites, on the one hand, and higher-risk active defense activities such as botnet takedowns, sanctions and indictments, white-hat ransomware, and rescue missions to recover stolen assets, on the other. One of the report's key questions for an active defense measure is "is the active defense measure authorized,
whether by an oversight body, law enforcement,
or the owner of the affected network?" This bill creates no mechanism for providing particular authorizations (also see points 2 and 3, below).<br />
<br />
The "Into the Gray Zone" report also suggests that if a decision is made to authorize the accessing of a remote system (an attacker's system is almost always the system of another victim) for information collection purposes, it should be limited to cases in which a defender can "assert a positive identification of the hostile actor
with near certainty, relying on multiple credible attribution
methods." This, however, seems too strict a condition to impose.<br />
<br />
Finally, however, this report advises that, even without a change in the law, DOJ "should exercise
greater discretion in choosing when to enforce
the CFAA and other relevant laws, and should provide
clarity about how it intends to exercise such discretion.
Companies engaging in activities that may push the
limits of the law, but are intended to defend corporate
data or end a malicious attack against a private server
should not be prioritized for investigation or prosecution." (p. 28) The report cites active defense activity by Google in response to hacking from China as an example where there was no prosecution or sanction for accessing remote systems being used by attackers. This proposal seems to me a wiser course of action than adopting this bill. (Also see point 5, below.)<br />
<br />
2. It disregards the recommendations from the <a href="https://www.csis.org/programs/technology-policy-program/cybersecurity/csis-cyber-policy-task-force">Center for Strategic and International Studies Cyber Policy Task Force</a> on the subject of active defense. The CSIS Cyber Policy Task Force report contains a short three-paragraph section on active defense (p. 14) which throws cold water on the idea, calling active defense "at best a stopgap measure, intended to address companies’ frustration
over the seeming impunity of transborder criminals" and affirming that only governments should be authorized to engage in activities on the high-risk side, and that it is their responsibility to coordinate and engage in such activity. It does offer up a possibility for a proposal that allows accessing remote systems by private parties in its last sentence: "Additionally,
the administration could consider measures, carried out with the prior approval of federal law
enforcement agencies (most likely requiring a warrant to enter a third-party network) to recover or
delete stolen data stored on servers or networks under U.S. jurisdiction." This bill does not require approval from federal law enforcement agencies or a warrant for accessing remote systems or networks, and jurisdiction is only implicit.<br />
<br />
3. While the proposal in the bill resembles a proposal made in <a href="https://www.mercatus.org/publication/active-defense-overview-debate-and-way-forward-guardians-of-peace-hackers-cybersecurity">a Mercatus Center at George Mason University proposal by Anthony Glosson</a>, it adopts the carrot element of the proposal while neglecting the stick. Glosson's proposal is that, like this bill, private parties should be permitted to access remote attacking systems in order to collect information ("observation and access"), but not to engage in "disruption and destruction." However, Glosson suggests three requirements be present to make such access and information collection permissible, and if those requirements are not present, that there be "stiff statutory damages" imposed. The bill omits any statutory damages, and imposes only one of Glosson's three requirements (though a previous version of the bill included the second). Glosson's three requirements are (1) that the defender's actions are limited to observation and access, (2) that the attacker was routing traffic through the defender's network at the time of the active defense action, and (3) that obtaining the owner of the attacking system's cooperation at the time of the attack was impractical. This third criterion is a critical one, and a good way to observe the undesirability of this bill is to imagine that you are the owner of the intermediary system used by the attacker to go after a third party--what would you want that third party to be able to do with your system without your permission or consent?<br />
<br />
4. The bill appears to have been somewhat hastily written and sloppily updated, failing to update a persistent typographical error ("the victim' [sic] own network") through its revisions, and the current version seems to be somewhat incoherent. In its current form it is unlikely to meet its short title objective of encouraging certainty.<br />
<br />
The current version of the bill makes it legal for a victim of a "persistent unauthorized intrusion" to access "without authorization the computer of the attacker to the victim' [sic] own network to gather information in order to establish attribution of criminal activity to share with law enforcement or to disrupt continued unauthorized activity against the victim's own network," so long as this does not destroy information on the system, cause physical injury, or create a threat to public health or safety.<br />
<br />
The phrase "without authorization the computer of the attacker to the victim's own network" doesn't make sense [it should say "attacker of" or "attacker against"], and appears to be the result of poor editing from the prior version of the bill, which made permissible accessing "without authorization a computer connected to the victim' [sic] own network", with the rest of the text remaining the same. This prior wording apparently attempted to thread the needle of the GWU "Into the Gray Zone" report by defining the accessing of a remote system as being within the boundaries of the defender's own network, and thus on the low-risk side of the equation. However, the wording "connected to the victim's own network" is ambiguous and unclear--does it mean directly connected (e.g., to a WiFi access point or LAN port on a switch), in which case this is much less useful, or does it mean any active session flow of packets over the Internet into the victim's network (similar to Glosson's second requirement)? The latter is the more reasonable and charitable interpretation, but it should be made more explicit and could perhaps be too strict--what happens if the attacker disconnects just moments before the active defense activity begins?<br />
<br />
Left unsaid in the bill is what can be done with information collected from the attacking system, which might include information belonging to other victims, the exposure of which could cause harm. Presumably other remedies from other statutes would exist if a defender engaged in such exposure, but it seems to me that this bill would be improved by making the parameters of permissible action more explicit and restrictive. Perhaps the current wording limits actions to information sharing with law enforcement and reconfiguration of one's own defensive systems based on the collected information, but "to disrupt continued unauthorized activity against the victim's own network" is a purpose that could be achieved by a much broader set of actions, which could cause harm to other victims.<br />
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />
5. It's not clear that the bill is necessary, given that security researchers are today (as they have been for years) taking steps to access infrastructure used by malicious cyber threat actors in order to monitor their activity and collect intelligence information. They are already making legal and regulatory risk decisions which incorporate the existing CFAA, and deciding to proceed anyway.<br />
<br />
If this bill is to move forward, it needs some additional work.<br />
<br />
(News story on the bill: Michael Mimoso, <a href="https://threatpost.com/active-defense-bill-raises-concerns-of-potential-consequences/124112/">"Active Defense Bill Raises Concerns of Potential Consequences</a>," ThreatPost.<br />
Further reading: Paul Rosenzweig, <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/typology-evaluating-active-cyber-defenses">"A Typology for Evaluating Active Cyber Defenses,"</a> <i>Lawfare</i> blog)<br />
<br />
UPDATE (March 14, 2017): Robert Chesney wrote a good critique of the bill at the <i>Lawfare</i> blog, <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/legislative-hackback-notes-active-cyber-defense-certainty-act-discussion-draft">"Legislative Hackback: Notes on the Active Cyber Defense Certainty Act discussion draft,"</a> in which he points out that the word "persistent" is undefined and vague, notes that "intrusion" excludes distributed denial of service attacks from permissible cases of response under this bill, and wisely notes that there may be multiple computers in an attack chain used by the attacker, while the bill is written as though there is only one. (It is also noteworthy that an attacking IP could be a firewall in front of an attacking machine, and a response attempting to connect to that IP could be redirected to a completely different system.) Chesney also questions whether destroying information is the right limit on responsive activity, as opposed to altering information (such as system configurations). He also notes that the restrictions for destruction, physical injury, and threats to public health and safety are probably insufficient, noting as I did above that there could be other forms of harm from disseminating confidential information discovered on the attacking system.<br />
<br />
I think a more interesting bill that would create incentives for companies to invest in security and to appropriately share information about attacks (rather than trying to hide it) would be a bill that created a safe harbor or liability limits for a company whose systems are used to attack third parties, if they have taken certain precautionary measures (such as having patched all known vulnerabilities more than 30 days old, and having a continuous monitoring program) and if they also share in a timely manner information about their breach.<br />
<br />
UPDATE (May 25, 2017): Rep. Graves has released <a href="http://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-cybersecurity/2017/05/25/scoop-hack-back-bill-gets-version-20-220506">a version 2.0 of his bill which is vastly improved</a>, addressing almost all of my concerns above. The new Sec. 2 of the bill puts the use beaconing technology on a sound legal footing, which is consistent with the recommendations of the CSIS "Into the Gray Zone" report. The new Sec. 4 of the bill requires notification of the FBI, which, while it isn't the notification of/deferral to organizations which have their own cyber defense teams to protect and investigate their own compromised infrastructure, it might effectively serve the same purpose, and it also provides a deterrent to irresponsible active defense. The core of the former bill, Sec. 3, has been revised to limit what can be done, so that now taking or exposing content on the attacker machine belonging to other parties would not be permissible. And there is also a new Sec. 5 of the bill, which sunsets it after two years. I cautiously support the new bill as a potentially useful experiment.<br />
<br />
UPDATE (October 14, 2017): A <a href="https://tomgraves.house.gov/uploadedfiles/acdc.pdf">new version of the bill was released this week</a> which has further improvements. Instead of just creating an exemption to the CFAA, it creates a defense to a criminal charge, and makes clear that it is not a defense for civil liability. This means if you are within the bounds of the new rules accessing the systems of a third party which is another victim of the attacker, you won't go to jail for it, but you could still be successfully sued for damages by that third party. The new version of the bill also lists a few more things which you are NOT permitted to do in order to use the defense, and it requires that the FBI create a program for receiving advance notices from individuals and organizations that intend to use these measures, as well as a requirement for an annual assessment of this legislation's effectiveness.<br />
<br />
UPDATE (February 2, 2018): There are still a few issues with the current version of the Graves bill. (1) It doesn't require defenders to document and disclose actions taken against systems not owned by the attacker to the owners of those systems. (2) It places no limits on what vulnerabilities may be exploited on intermediary or attacker systems. (3) It allows destructive actions against information which belongs to the defender, as well as against any information or system which belongs to the attacker. (4) It does not limit the targets to systems within U.S. jurisdiction, or does it require any judicial approval. Attacks on systems outside U.S. jurisdiction could result in state-sponsored blowback. (5) The exception to permitted activity for any action which "intentionally results in intrusive or remote access into an intermediary's computer" seems at odds with the overall proposal, since 90%+ of the time the systems used by attackers will belong to an intermediary. (6) Sec. 5's requirement that the FBI be notified and presented with various pieces of information prior to the active defense seems both too strict and too loose. Too strict in that it doesn't allow pre-certification and must occur in the course of an attack, too loose in that it requires that the FBI acknowledge receipt before proceeding but no actual approval or certification, and that there's a loophole on one of the required pieces of information to be given to the FBI, which is any other information requested by the FBI for the purposes of oversight. Since all the active defender requires is acknowledgment of receipt, if the FBI doesn't request any such further information as part of that acknowledgement, the defender is good to go immediately at that point before any further information is provided. Sec. 5 is kind of a fake certification process--there is no actual certification or validation process that must occur.Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-34236493300058097252017-02-16T08:24:00.002-07:002017-02-16T08:29:54.079-07:00Confusing the two Trump cybersecurity executive ordersIn Andy Greenberg's <i>Wired</i> article on February 9, 2017, <a href="https://www.wired.com/2017/02/tom-bossert-trump-cybersecurity/">"Trump Cybersecurity Chief Could Be a 'Voice of Reason,"</a> he writes:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "exchange ssm 4r" , , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 18px;">But when Trump’s draft executive order on cybersecurity </span><a href="https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/world/read-the-trump-administrations-draft-of-the-executive-order-on-cybersecurity/2306/" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 231, 248); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-shadow: rgb(180, 231, 248) 0px -4px 0px inset; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Exchange SSm 4r", ExchangeWeb-Roman, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: background 0.15s cubic-bezier(0.33, 0.66, 0.66, 1); vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">emerged</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "exchange ssm 4r" , , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 18px;"> last week, it surprised the cybersecurity world by hewing closely to the recommendations of bipartisan experts—including one commission </span><a href="https://www.wired.com/2017/01/trump-hacking-defense-plan-obama/" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 231, 248); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 3px; box-shadow: rgb(180, 231, 248) 0px -4px 0px inset; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Exchange SSm 4r", ExchangeWeb-Roman, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: background 0.15s cubic-bezier(0.33, 0.66, 0.66, 1); vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;">assembled by the Obama administration</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "exchange ssm 4r" , , "georgia" , serif; font-size: 18px;">.</span></blockquote>
The described timing and the link both refer to <a href="https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/world/read-the-trump-administrations-draft-of-the-executive-order-on-cybersecurity/2306/">the original draft cybersecurity executive order</a>, which does not at all resemble the recommendations of Obama's <a href="https://www.nist.gov/cybercommission">Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity</a> or the recommendations of the <a href="https://www.csis.org/programs/technology-policy-program/cybersecurity/csis-cyber-policy-task-force">Center for Strategic and International Studies Cyber Policy Task Force</a>, which both included input from large numbers of security experts. Contrary to what Greenberg says, the executive order he refers to was widely criticized on a number of grounds, including that it is incredibly vague and high level, specifies an extremely short time frame for its reviews, and that it seemed to think it was a good idea to collect information about major U.S. vulnerabilities and defenses into one place and put it into the hands of then-National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn. That original version of the executive order resembled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127080437/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/policies/cyber-security/">the Trump campaign's website policy proposal on cybersecurity</a>.<br />
<br />
The positive remarks, instead, were for a revised version of the cybersecurity executive order which was verbally described to reporters on the morning of January 31, the day that the signing of the order was expected to happen at 3 p.m., after Trump met for a listening session with security experts. The signing was cancelled, and the order has not yet been issued, but a draft subsequently got some circulation later in the week and <a href="https://lawfareblog.com/revised-draft-trump-eo-cybersecurity">was made public at the Lawfare blog</a> on February 9.<br />
<br />
This executive order contains recommendations consistent with both the Cybersecurity Commission report and the CSIS Cyber Policy Task Force report, mandating the use of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework by federal agencies, putting the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in charge of enterprise risk assessment across agencies, promoting IT modernization and the promotion of cloud and shared services infrastructure, and directing DHS and other agency heads to work with private sector critical infrastructure owners on defenses.<br />
<br />
One key thing it does not do, which was recommended by both reports, is elevate the White House cybersecurity coordinator role (a role which the Trump administration has not yet filled, which was held by Michael Daniel in the Obama administration) to an Assistant to the President, reflecting the importance of cybersecurity. Greenberg's piece seems to assume that Thomas Bossert is in the lead cybersecurity coordinator role, but his role is Homeland Security Advisor (the role previously held by Lisa Monaco in the Obama administration), with broad responsibility for homeland security and counterterrorism, not cybersecurity-specific.<br />
<br />
Despite Greenberg's error confusing the two executive orders being pointed out to him on Twitter on February 9, the article hasn't been corrected as of February 16.<br />
<br />Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-22445157846374989762017-01-01T09:14:00.001-07:002022-03-21T10:39:06.328-07:00Books read in 2016<div style="margin: 0px;">
Not much blogging going on here still, but here's my annual list of books read for 2016. Items with hyperlinks are linked directly to the item online (usually PDF, some of these are reports rather than books), with no paywall or fee.<br />
<ul>
<li>Andreas Antonopoulos, <i>The Internet of Money</i></li>
<li>Herbert Asbury, <i>The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld</i></li>
<li>Rob Brotherton, <i>Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories</i></li>
<li>Center for Cyber & Homeland Security, <i><a href="https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/cchs.gwu.edu/files/downloads/CCHS-ActiveDefenseReportFINAL.pdf">Into the Gray Zone: The Private Sector and Active Defense Against Cyber Threats</a></i></li>
<li>Michael D'Antonio, <i>Never Enough: Donald Trump and the Pursuit of Success</i></li>
<li>Henning Diedrich, <i>Ethereum: Blockchains, Digital Assets, Smart Contracts, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations</i></li>
<li>Martin Ford, <i>Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future</i></li>
<li>Emma A. Jane and Chris Fleming, <i>Modern Conspiracy: The Importance of Being Paranoid</i></li>
<li>Roger Z. George and James B. Bruce, editors, <i>Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations</i></li>
<li>Peter Gutmann, <i><a href="https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/book.pdf">Engineering Security</a></i></li>
<li>House Homeland Security Committee, <i><a href="https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Staff-Report-Going-Dark-Going-Forward.pdf">Going Dark, Going Forward: A Primer on the Encryption Debate</a></i></li>
<li>Dr. Rob Johnston, <i><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/analytic-culture-in-the-u-s-intelligence-community/analytic_culture_report.pdf">Analytic Culture in the U.S. Intelligence Community: An Ethnographic Study</a></i></li>
<li>R.V. Jones, <i>Most Secret War</i></li>
<li>Fred Kaplan, <i>Dark Territory: The Secret History of Cyber War</i></li>
<li>Maria Konnikova, <i>The Confidence Game: Why We Fall for It...Every Time</i></li>
<li>Adam Lee, <a href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/daylightatheism/series/atlas-shrugged/">hilarious blog commentary on <i>Atlas Shrugged</i></a></li>
<li>Deborah Lipstadt, <i>Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory</i></li>
<li>Dan Lyons, <i>Disrupted: My Misadventure in the Startup Bubble</i></li>
<li>Geoff Manaugh, <i>A Burglar's Guide to the City</i></li>
<li>Felix Martin, <i>Money: The Unauthorized Biography--From Coinage to Cryptocurrencies</i></li>
<li>Nathaniel Popper, <i>Digital Gold: Bitcoin and the Inside Story of the Misfits and Millionaires Trying to Reinvent Money</i></li>
<li>John Allen Paulos, <i>A Numerate Life: A Mathematician Explores the Vagaries of Life, His Own and Probably Yours</i></li>
<li>Mary Roach, <i>Grunt: The Curious Science of Humans at War</i></li>
<li>Jon Ronson, <i>The Elephant in the Room: A Journey into the Trump Campaign and the "Alt-Right"</i></li>
<li>Oliver Sacks, <i>On the Move: A Life</i></li>
<li>Luc Sante, <i>Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York</i></li>
<li>Adam Segal, <i>The Hacked World Order: How Nations Fight, Trade, Maneuver, and Manipulate in the Digital Age</i></li>
<li>Steve Silberman, <i>NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity</i></li>
<li>Richard Stiennon, <i>There Will Be Cyberwar: How the Move to Network-Centric War Fighting Has Set the Stage for Cyberwar</i></li>
<li>Russell G. Swenson, editor, <i><a href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dia/bring_intel_about.pdf">Bringing Intelligence About: Practitioners Reflect on Best Practices</a></i></li>
<li>U.S. Army Special Operations Command, <a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/ARIS_LittleGreenMen.pdf"><i>"Little Green Men": A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine, 2013-2014</i></a></li>
<li>Joseph E. Uscinski and Joseph M. Parent, <i>American Conspiracy Theories</i></li>
<li>Paul Vigna and Michael J. Casey, <i>The Age of Crypto Currency: How Bitcoin and the Blockchain Are Challenging the Global Economic Order</i></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
I made progress on a few other books (first four from 2016, one from 2015, next three from 2014, next three from 2013, last two still not finished from 2012--I have trouble with e-books, especially very long nonfiction e-books):<br />
<ul>
<li>Andreas Antonopoulos, <i>Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies</i></li>
<li>Robert M. Gates, <i>Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War</i></li>
<li>Jocelyn Godwin, <i>Upstate Cauldron: Eccentric Spiritual Movements in Early New York State</i></li>
<li>Thomas Rid, <i>Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History</i></li>
<li>John Searle, <i>Making the Social World</i></li>
<li>Andrew Jaquith, <i>Security Metrics: Replacing Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt</i></li>
<li>Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry, <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i></li>
<li>Steven Pinker, <i>The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century</i></li>
<li>Richard Bejtlich, <i>The Practice of Network Security Monitoring</i></li>
<li>James Grimmelmann, <i>Internet Law: Cases & Problems</i> (v2; v3 is out now)</li>
<li>Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, <i>Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking</i></li>
<li>Mark Dowd, John McDonald, and Justin Schuh, <i>The Art of Software Security Assessment: Identifying and Avoiding Software Vulnerabilities</i></li>
<li>Michal Zalewski, <i>The Tangled Web: A Guide to Securing Modern Web Applications</i></li>
</ul>
Top ten for 2016: Sacks, Silberman, Jane & Fleming, Konnikova, Manaugh, Lyons, Popper, Uscinski & Parent, Jones, Lipstadt.<br />
<br />
(Previously: <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/books-read-in-2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.)</div>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-53357217206215227452016-01-01T10:40:00.001-07:002022-03-21T10:26:14.436-07:00Books read in 2015<div style="margin: 0px;">
Not much blogging going on here lately, but here's my annual list of books read for 2015:<br />
<ul>
<li>George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller, <i>Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation & Deception</i></li>
<li>Jeffrey S Bardin, <i>The Illusion of Due Diligence: Notes from the CISO Underground</i></li>
<li>Bill Browder, <i>Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man's Fight for Justice</i></li>
<li>Ron Chernow, <i>Alexander Hamilton</i></li>
<li>Gabriella Coleman, <i>Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous</i></li>
<li>Karen Dawisha, <i>Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?</i></li><li>Laura DeNardis, <i>The Global War for Internet Governance</i></li>
<li>Daniel C. Dennett and Linda LaScola, <i>Caught in the Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind</i></li>
<li>Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, <i>Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers</i></li>
<li>William J. Drake and Monroe Price, editors, <i>Internet Governance: The NETmundial Roadmap</i></li>
<li>Jon Friedman and Mark Bouchard, <i><a href="http://info.isightpartners.com/definitive-guide">Definitive Guide to Cyber Threat Intelligence</a></i></li>
<li>Marc Goodman, <i>Future Crimes: Everything is Connected, Everyone is Vulnerable, and What We Can Do About It</i></li>
<li>Marc Hallet, <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/ACriticalAppraisalOfGeorgeAdamskiTheManWhoSpokeToTheSpaceBrothers">A Critical Appraisal of George Adamski: The Man Who Spoke to the Space Brothers</a></i></li>
<li>Shane Harris, <i>@War: The Rise of the Military-Internet Complex</i></li>
<li>Peter T. Leeson, <i>The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates</i></li>
<li>Reed Massengill, <i>Becoming American Express: 150 Years of Reinvention and Customer Service</i></li>
<li>James Andrew Miller and Tom Shales, <i>Live From New York: The Complete, Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live, as Told By Its Stars, Writers, and Guests</i> (two new chapters)</li>
<li>David T. Moore, <i><a href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dia/ndic_moore_crit_analysis_hires.pdf">Critical Thinking and Intelligence Analysis</a></i></li>
<li>Richard E. Nisbett, <i>Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking</i></li>
<li>Tony Ortega, <i>The Unbreakable Miss Lovely: How the Church of Scientology Tried to Destroy Paulette Cooper</i></li>
<li>Whitney Phillips, <i>This is Why We Can't Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture</i></li>
<li>Joseph M. Reagle, Jr., <i>Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web</i></li>
<li>Jon Ronson, <i>Lost at Sea: The Jon Ronson Mysteries</i></li>
<li>Jon Ronson, <i>So You've Been Publicly Shamed</i></li>
<li>Bruce Schneier, <i>Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World</i></li>
<li>P.W. Singer and Allan Friedman, <i>Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs to Know</i></li>
<li>David Skarbek, <i>The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System</i></li>
<li>Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan, <i>The Red Web: The Struggle Between Russia's Digital Dictators and the New Online Revolutionaries</i></li>
<li>Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner, <i>Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction</i></li>
<li>Richard H. Thaler, <i>Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics</i></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
I made progress on a few other books (first two last year, next four from 2014, next three from 2013, last two still not finished from 2012--I have trouble with very long nonfiction e-books):<br />
<ul>
<li>Roger Z. George and James B. Bruce, editors, <i>Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations</i></li>
<li>John Searle, <i>Making the Social World</i></li>
<li>Peter Gutmann, <i>Engineering Security</i></li>
<li>Andrew Jaquith, <i>Security Metrics: Replacing Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt</i></li>
<li>Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry, <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i></li>
<li>Steven Pinker, <i>The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century</i></li>
<li>Richard Bejtlich, <i>The Practice of Network Security Monitoring</i></li>
<li>James Grimmelmann, <i>Internet Law: Cases & Problems</i> (v2; v3 is out now)</li>
<li>Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, <i>Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking</i></li>
<li>Mark Dowd, John McDonald, and Justin Schuh, <i>The Art of Software Security Assessment: Identifying and Avoiding Software Vulnerabilities</i></li>
<li>Michal Zalewski, <i>The Tangled Web: A Guide to Securing Modern Web Applications</i></li>
</ul>
Top ten for 2015: Browder, Chernow, Coleman, Ronson (<i>Shamed</i>), Schneier, Phillips, Nisbett, Ortega, Miller and Shales, Thaler. I bought and read Bardin's book <i>because</i> Richard Bejtlich identified it as a "train wreck," and it was.<br />
<br />
(Previously: <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/books-read-in-2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/books-read-in-2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/books-read-in-2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/books-read-in-2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/books-read-in-2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/books-read-in-2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/books-read-in-2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/books-read-in-2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/books-read-in-2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="http://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/books-read-in-2005.html">2005</a>.)</div>
Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15453937.post-29060744242623821662015-11-23T08:37:00.000-07:002015-11-23T09:05:15.885-07:00A few thoughts on OpenBSD 5.8I've been using OpenBSD since way back at release 2.3 in 1998, so I've gone through upgrades that took a fair amount of work due to incompatible changes, like the switch from ipf to pf for host firewalling or the change to ELF binaries. The upgrade from 5.7 to 5.8 was a pretty smooth and easy one, for the most part. The two most painful changes for me were the replacement of sudo with doas and the dropping of support in the rc.conf for the pf_rules variable. While sudo is still available as a package, I like the idea of reducing attack surface with a simpler program, so I made the switch. The two things I miss most about sudo are the ability to authenticate for a period of time and the ability to have a single config file across a whole set of servers. The former I'm just living with, the latter I've adjusted to by having a single config file that has lines commented out depending on which server it's on. I did have one moment of concern about the quality of doas when it incorrectly reported the line number on which I had a syntax error in the config file--fortunately, this was just a failure to increment the line count on continuation lines (ending with a "\") which is <a href="http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.bin/doas/parse.y?rev=1.12&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup">fixed in the -current release</a>.<br />
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The removal of the pf_rules variable support from rc.conf was a bigger issue--I used to just put the default pf.conf rules file in place with each release and upgrade, and keep my changes in a pf.conf.local file that was specified in the pf_rules variable. The effect was that from the period after the upgrade until I noticed the change, my systems were using the default rules and thus more exposed than they were supposed to be. This wasn't the first time an incompatible change decreased my level of security--the removal of tcpwrappers support from SSH was another. I used to use a combination of pf rules and hosts.allow as additional layers of protection on my SSH access, and had a set of tools that allowed me to easily add IP addresses to or remove them from my hosts.allow files. This would have been a layer of defense still in place with the loss of my pf rules, had it still been in existence. Fortunately, I also have SSH on a non-standard port and only allow SSH key logins, not user/password logins, and most of my systems can't be reached on any port without first making a VPN connection, which requires two-factor authentication.<br />
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A minor annoying change that was made in 5.8 was putting the file /var/unbound/db/root.key into /etc/changelist, so that the file gets checked daily by the security script. The issue with this is that if you are actually using unbound with DNSSEC, this file changes daily, though only in the comments. My "reportnew" log monitoring tool has a feature that allows you to be notified if files that are expected to change on some periodic schedule do not change, and that would be more appropriate than getting daily notifications that yes, the autotrust anchor file has been updated yet again. But what would really be ideal here would be a check that the non-comment components have not changed. (Others <a href="http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.os.openbsd.misc/226167">have also complained about this</a>.)<br />
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A final issue I've run into with OpenBSD 5.8 is not a new issue, but it's one that still hasn't been fixed with pf. That is that pf logs certain traffic (IGMP in particular) when it matches a rule that does not call for logging. This appears to be the same issue that was <a href="https://redmine.pfsense.org/issues/4383">fixed earlier this year in pfsense</a>, which is derived from an older fork of pf.Lippardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16826768452963498005noreply@blogger.com0